“ 首要的原則,就是不要欺騙自己﹐你自己正是最容易被欺騙的人” 諾貝爾物理學獎得主理查費曼
(“The first principle is that you must not fool yourself — and you are the easiest person to fool.” Richard Feynman)
從華盛頓日報新書分享找到的這一本,非常好讀而且相當使用。相信每個人,都是希望可以看清事情的真相並根據資訊做出判斷的,但如果數據和真相可以說明一切,為什麼常常在一個議題上面人們會有如此分裂兩極的看法?當我們覺得如果我們意見相左的另一方瘋了,而且不合理,會不會有一種可能我們也活在某種偏見當中呢?在某些實驗當中,所謂領域的專家有時候的分裂或是誤判,甚至比沒有相關知識的平常人更加深呢!
這本書用一個鮮明的例子,來說明我們用什麼樣的心態來面對未知或是資訊,比較容易保有客觀。一種心態是“軍人”的心態,另一種心態是“探子”的心態。
“軍人”的責任是保護一座堡壘,那個堡壘可能是你堅信不移的立場,觀點,或是信仰。當我們是一個軍人心態時,任何看是要攻破堡壘的資訊,都會被我們看待成必須抵禦的敵人。而當我們擁有一個“探子”的心態時,所有的未知和新的訊息,都可以拿來調整和更新自己的判斷。感覺自己很客觀,或是擁有淵博的知識與經驗,都不足以讓人可以做出客觀的判斷。作者用一個很棒的比喻說明,“要了解你想保護的東西是什麼,你才能夠拆毀那一道圍牆”。我們想要保護的不只是我們的立場,常常是那個立場背後所代表的自我形象,歸屬感,甚至是身份的認同。
作者提到幾個可以問自己的問題,看看你是否有“探子”的心態?
1. 當你發現自己是錯的對方是對的時候,你會告訴他們嗎? Do you tell other people when you realize they were right?
2. 你對於別人批評你的反應是什麼? How do you react to personal criticism?
3. 你會試著證明你是錯的嗎?Do you ever prove yourself wrong?
4. 你會做哪些預防措施來減少自己的偏見?Do you take precautions to avoid fooling yourself?
5. 你的身邊有沒有可以誠實批判你的人?Do you have any good critics?
書中有許多具體的例子和具體的作法可以參考,作者也用了其中幾個方法,在他寫作這本書的過程當中實際的操練。
人類生來是一種社群的動物,所以在保護 “自身立場” 和 “自己人” 的時候必然投入許多的情感與精力來鞏固它。而且人生當中如果每天一直在換立場,改變想法,必然是令人精疲力竭的。也只能挑選需要客觀判斷的事情來檢視。但令人振奮的是,雖然改變自己的想法和觀點是如此的困難,可是一旦願意接受新的更新時,看見不同的可能性突然之間就會變得不如想像的困難。而且只要願意保持這樣的空間,時常刻意操練,不需要是最聰明的人,也可以擁有不錯的判斷能力。
延伸閱讀其他幫助思考判斷的書籍:
Thinking in bets (中文版:“高勝算決策”)
https://dushuyizhi.net/thinking-in-bets-德州撲克女王談決策思維-有中文版!)/
Never Split the Difference (中文版:“FBI談判協商術”)
https://dushuyizhi.net/never-split-the-difference-不輕易妥協的談判法/
Talking to strangers (中文版:“解密陌生人”)
https://dushuyizhi.net/talking-to-strangers-如何理解陌生人/
Blind spots (中文版:“盲點”)
https://dushuyizhi.net/blind-spots-道德的盲點/
Thinking fast and slow (中文版: “快思慢想” ,我沒有寫讀書心得)
全文在部落格中👇👇👇
https://dushuyizhi.net/the-scout-mindset-探子思維/
#TheScoutMindset #JuliaGalef #CriticalThinking
同時也有256部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過5萬的網紅半瓶醋,也在其Youtube影片中提到,#尚氣與十環傳奇 #尚氣 #漫威 其他出沒地區 ►【半瓶醋】LBRY頻道 https://odysee.com/$/invite/@bpf1980:5 ►Twitch【半瓶醋】 https://www.twitch.tv/bpf1980 每週五晚上九點半的【半瓶醋夜未眠】 ►【半瓶醋】臉書粉專 h...
「criticism中文」的推薦目錄:
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- 關於criticism中文 在 Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於criticism中文 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於criticism中文 在 半瓶醋 Youtube 的最佳解答
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- 關於criticism中文 在 拉腫 ラゾン Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於criticism中文 在 浸大中文系副教授蔡元豐博士主講〈香港文學作為評論〉 的評價
- 關於criticism中文 在 [Chinese] - Nightmare Moon - (中文配音) - YouTube 的評價
criticism中文 在 Facebook 的精選貼文
【#好文重溫】幼兒就是自己的老師
收到三歲兒子人生的首張證書,既開心,又感動!雖然這不過是他完成Nursery Class的一張普通小小證書,但卻意義深長,上面除了寫有兩位老師對他各方面發展的整體評語,還印有學校的教學宗旨《For The Love Of Children》-
“If a child lives with criticism,
He learns to condemn.
If a child lives with hostility,
He learns to fight.
If a child lives with ridicule,
He learns to be shy.
If a child lives with shame,
He learns to be guilty.
If a child lives with tolerance,
He learns to be patient.
If a child lives with encouragement,
He learns confidence.
If a child lives with praise,
He learns to appreciate.
If a child lives with fairness,
He learns to have faith.
If a child lives with approval,
He learns to like himself.
If a child lives with acceptance and friendship,
He learns to find love in the world.”
慚愧今天才仔細咀嚼當中的意思!其中文大意是「孩子在生長環境中學習」 - 孩子若在指責、敵意、嘲弄、羞辱的環境中長大,他們就會變得怨天尤人、好勇鬥狠、消極退縮、自責內疚;反之,孩子若在寬容、鼓勵、讚美、公平、接納與友愛的環境中成長,他們就會變成忍耐、自信、感恩、信任、喜歡自己及懂得尋愛的人。
人如同瓷器,父母在子女嬰幼兒時期給了甚麼樣的生活,孩子就會形成甚麼樣的品格。這就是犬兒所讀幼稚園採用的「蒙特梭利」教學法最大特點,亦即是著名意大利女教育家及心理醫生Maria Montessori (瑪利亞.蒙特梭利) 於1907年所提倡的「生命教育法」:「教育是人類一個對環境的自然反應過程,憑經驗學習所得,而並非聽取別人的指示。」
曾連續三年成為「諾貝爾和平獎」候選人的Montessori,當年從科學觀察及驗證發現,0至6歲的兒童是五官最敏感的時期,也是學習的高峰期,尤其是0至3歲的孩子本身更具有一種吸收知識的自然能力 -「吸收性心智」,因此,她主張「幼兒就是自己的老師」,而我們只須提供一個安全的環境,並在旁溫柔的引領及輔助,讓他們自我、自由、自主、自然地探索事物、建立邏輯及發揮創意。
說穿了,怎麼樣的生活便有怎麼樣的孩子。想想,你的孩子現在又感受到甚麼呢?
#親子專欄 #育兒 #親子 #鄧明儀
criticism中文 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
[時事英文] 言論自由與冠狀病毒
在自由的社會中,每位公民都能依照個人的自由意志來行使權利。言論自由讓每位公民都能監督政府,要求政府改變不公不義的法規與政策。
In a free society, all citizens must be able to pursue their own paths, set their own goals, and think for themselves. The freedom of speech safeguards these rights as it enables us to challenge and change government regulations and laws we find oppressive and unjust.
歷史表明,在缺乏監督機制的情況下,政府的絕對權力將導致絕對的腐化。即便有些言論不合我們的心意,但禁止人們發聲不僅限制了言論自由,也剝奪了人們聽取他人意見的權利。禁止言論,並不能禁絕思想。唯有透過對話與協商,才能達成共識,而使社會進步。
History has shown that without the corrective mechanism of free speech, governments would consolidate their powers without regard for the rights and freedom of those whom they ought to serve. To deny people of free speech is a double wrong, because doing so would also deprive people of the right to listen, even though some speech would undoubtedly make us feel uncomfortable. Banning certain speech would not result in the elimination of ideas. It is through engagement and negotiation that we can reach consensus and progress as a society.
每個人都應享有批評政府的權利,而無需擔心遭受迫害。這也是當今公民得以贏得諸多權利的原因。言論自由是值得全體人類努力爭取的基本人權。
All people ought to have the right to criticize their government without fear of persecution, because it is how we have won the rights we have today. The freedom of speech is a fundamental human right and it’s worth fighting to protect.
★★★★★★★★★★★★
《紐約時報》報導:
Trevor Noah, the host of “The Daily Show,” has won praise on the Chinese internet for his searing criticism of the Trump administration’s mishandling of the coronavirus pandemic. So has Jerry Kowal, an American who makes Chinese-language videos chronicling the dire situation in New York.
1. win praise 贏得讚賞
2. searing criticism 猛烈抨擊
3. mishandle (v.) 對⋯⋯處理不當
4. chronicle 記錄
5. a dire situation 可怕的情況
因為猛烈抨擊川普政府對新冠病毒疫情的應對不當,《每日秀》主持人特雷弗・諾亞(編按:中國網民給他取了一個暱稱叫崔娃)在中國的網路上備受讚賞。受到追捧的還有郭傑瑞,作為美國人,他製作的中文影片記錄了紐約的可怕情形。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
China’s response to the virus has its own sharp-eyed critics at home, and they have found a vastly different reception. One resident of the virus-struck city of Wuhan who writes under the name Fang Fang documented despair, misery and everyday life in an online diary, and has endured withering attacks on social media. Three citizen journalists who posted videos from Wuhan in the first weeks of the outbreak disappeared and are widely believed to be in government custody.
6. response to 回應
7. sharp-eyed 眼尖的;目光敏銳的
8. a vastly different reception 截然不同的對待
9. virus-struck 病毒侵襲
10. document (v.) 記錄
11. endure attacks 忍受攻擊
12. withering 令人難堪的;嚴厲的
13. be in government custody 被政府監禁(或拘留)
中國對疫情的應對在國內也引發了尖銳的批評,但這些批評者卻遭到了截然不同的對待。在病毒肆虐的武漢,一位筆名方方的居民用網路日記記錄了人們的絕望、痛苦和日常生活,結果她在社群媒體上遭到了猛烈的攻擊。在疫情暴發的前幾週,三位在武漢發布影片的公民記者失蹤了,人們普遍認為政府把他們抓走了。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
The pandemic unfolded dramatically differently in China from the way it has in the rest of the world — at least, if one believes state-run Chinese media. Chinese news outlets used words like “purgatory” and “apocalypse” to describe the tragic hospital scenes in Italy and Spain. They have run photos of British and American medical workers wearing garbage bags as protective gear. A lot of the same miseries happened in China, but those reports were called “rumors” and censored.
14. pandemic 全球性流行病
15. unfold 展開;顯露
16. state-run 國營;國有
17. news outlet 新聞出處
18. purgatory 煉獄
19. apocalypse 末日(天啟)
在中國,這場大流行的展現方式與世界其他地方截然不同——至少,如果你相信中國官方媒體的話。中國的新聞媒體用「煉獄」和「末日」這樣的詞來描述義大利和西班牙醫院裡的悲慘情形。它們還登載了英國和美國的醫務人員把垃圾袋當防護服的照片。中國也有很多類似的悲劇,但那些報導被稱為「謠言」而遭到刪除。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
The death of Li Wenliang, the whistle-blowing doctor in Wuhan, on Feb. 6 galvanized many Chinese people into demanding freedom of speech. Online sentiment became much more skeptical, and many young people openly challenged the party’s message.
20. a whistleblower 吹哨者
21. galvanize somebody into… 激起;使震驚
22. freedom of speech 言論自由
23. online sentiment 網路輿情
24. skeptical 存疑的;持懷疑態度的
25. openly challenge 公開挑戰(或質疑)
2月6日,武漢吹哨醫生李文亮的去世激起了許多中國人對言論自由的要求。網路上的懷疑情緒更多,許多年輕人公開質疑黨的訊息。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Then the United States and other countries bungled their own responses, and China’s propaganda machine saw an opportunity. Using the West’s transparency and free flow of information, state media outlets chronicled how badly others have managed the crisis. Their message: Those countries should copy China’s model. For good measure, the propaganda machine revved up its attacks on anybody who dared to question the government’s handling of the pandemic. For many people in China, the push is working. Wielding a mix of lies and partial truths, some young people are waging online attacks against individuals and countries that contradict their belief in China’s superior response.
26. bungle 弄糟;(笨手笨腳地)把……搞砸
27. propaganda machine 宣傳機器
28. see an opportunity 看見機會
29. manage a crisis
30. transparency 透明度
31. free flow of information 資訊的自由流動
32. chronicle (v.) 記錄
33. rev up sb/sth(使)活躍;(使)積極
34. dare to question 敢於質疑
後來,當美國和其它國家搞砸了各自的疫情應對時,中國的宣傳機器看到了機會。中國官媒利用西方媒體的透明度和資訊的自由流動,記錄了其它國家在應對危機時的糟糕表現。他們的訊息是:這些國家應該效仿中國模式。此外,宣傳機器還加大力度,攻擊那些敢質疑中國政府處理疫情方式的人。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Many of the same people praising Mr. Noah have been slinging arrows and rocks at Fang Fang, whose real name is Wang Fang, for telling the truth about China. Her diary was moderate and personal, and a place where many of us turned for comfort during the darkest hours of China’s epidemic. But after Harper Collins announced plans to publish it in English, tens of thousands of online users descended on her Weibo account, saying she was a traitor for supporting the enemy’s narrative.
35. sling arrows and rocks 口誅筆伐
36. tell the truth about 說了關於⋯⋯的實話
37. moderate 溫和的
38. turn to comfort 尋求慰藉
39. the darkest hours 最黑暗的時刻
40. descend on 突襲;向⋯⋯湧來
41. a traitor 叛徒;賣國賊
在這些讚美諾亞的人中,有很多卻對真名為汪芳的方方口誅筆伐,就因為她說了關於中國的實話。她的日記是溫和而私人的,在中國疫情蔓延最黑暗的時刻,我們中的許多人都在這裡尋求安慰。但在哈珀柯林斯出版社宣布計劃出版該日記的英文版後,成千上萬的網民攻擊了方方的微博帳號,說她在支持敵人的敘事,是個賣國賊。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
The online backlash has been so severe, Fang Fang wrote on Weibo, that it reminds her of the Cultural Revolution, the decade of political violence and chaos that she saw as a child. The only comfort, she wrote, is that “this type of Cultural Revolution is only conducted in cyberspace.”
42. online backlash 網路上的強烈反對
43. the Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
44. remind sb of sth 使⋯⋯想起⋯⋯
45. political violence and chaos 政治暴力與混亂
方方在微博上寫道,這種網路叫罵是如此嚴重,令她回想起兒時目睹文化大革命的政治暴力和混亂的十年。唯一的寬慰是「這種文革只在網路空間進行著」,她寫道。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
May everyone in the world have the freedom to criticize their governments without fear. May we, no matter what our opinions are, speak out to safeguard human rights.
願世人都能享有言論自由,批評政府時無須擔驚受怕。即便意見相左,都能為捍衛人權而奮鬥。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
《紐約時報》完整報導:https://nyti.ms/35aI90l
圖片出處:https://bit.ly/2y6iN7X
★★★★★★★★★★★★
時事英文講義:https://bit.ly/2XmRYXc
時事英文大全:http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
如何使用「時事英文」:https://bit.ly/3a9rr38
#疫情英文
criticism中文 在 半瓶醋 Youtube 的最佳解答
#尚氣與十環傳奇 #尚氣 #漫威
其他出沒地區
►【半瓶醋】LBRY頻道
https://odysee.com/$/invite/@bpf1980:5
►Twitch【半瓶醋】
https://www.twitch.tv/bpf1980
每週五晚上九點半的【半瓶醋夜未眠】
►【半瓶醋】臉書粉專
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/QDDQT
這邊其實是每天都在出沒的區域
►【半瓶醋】IG
https://www.instagram.com/baofuzhang/
其實一直沒有很習慣用IG...
►YouTube頻道【半瓶醋】
https://pros.is/RDVPU
Podcast
基本上就是把【半瓶醋夜未眠】當中的精選討論片段放上去,不想看畫面只想聽聲音的朋友可取用。
►iTunes Podcast【半瓶醋】
https://pros.is/SRYWZ
►Spotify Podcast【半瓶醋】
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/SN9AN
部落格:之前有很多個部落格,不過目前縮減到只有兩個還在更新
►GQ【半瓶醋】
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/THT4V
►巴哈姆特【半瓶醋】
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/SPSUU
專欄:媒體合作的供稿,不定期出影評
►派特88【半瓶醋】
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/T3HRD
All videos on my channel are only used for commentary.
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
criticism中文 在 半瓶醋 Youtube 的最讚貼文
#尚氣與十環傳奇 #張夢兒 #漫威電影宇宙
其他出沒地區
►【半瓶醋】LBRY頻道
https://odysee.com/$/invite/@bpf1980:5
►Twitch【半瓶醋】
https://www.twitch.tv/bpf1980
每週五晚上九點半的【半瓶醋夜未眠】
►【半瓶醋】臉書粉專
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/QDDQT
這邊其實是每天都在出沒的區域
►【半瓶醋】IG
https://www.instagram.com/baofuzhang/
其實一直沒有很習慣用IG...
►YouTube頻道【半瓶醋】
https://pros.is/RDVPU
Podcast
基本上就是把【半瓶醋夜未眠】當中的精選討論片段放上去,不想看畫面只想聽聲音的朋友可取用。
►iTunes Podcast【半瓶醋】
https://pros.is/SRYWZ
►Spotify Podcast【半瓶醋】
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/SN9AN
部落格:之前有很多個部落格,不過目前縮減到只有兩個還在更新
►GQ【半瓶醋】
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/THT4V
►巴哈姆特【半瓶醋】
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/SPSUU
專欄:媒體合作的供稿,不定期出影評
►派特88【半瓶醋】
https://vinegarfilmcafe.pros.is/T3HRD
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criticism中文 在 拉腫 ラゾン Youtube 的最佳解答
#VTuber精華 #Saruei初配信 #中文翻譯
是的,全網第一個Saruei中文翻譯就在這裡。
容我向各位介紹最近推的法國VTuber:Saruei
她好婆。
Saruei's Twitter:https://twitter.com/Saruei_
Saruei's Twitch:https://www.twitch.tv/saruei
Saruei's YouTube:https://www.youtube.com/c/Saruei
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All videos on my channel are only used for commentary and research.Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
criticism中文 在 浸大中文系副教授蔡元豐博士主講〈香港文學作為評論〉 的必吃
香港文學評論學會Hong Kong Literary Criticism Society is on Facebook. To connect with 香港文學評論學會Hong Kong Literary Criticism Society, join Facebook ... ... <看更多>