關於 new year 2021 india ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

台灣將持續以民主良善力量，在後疫情時代扮演印太區域積極可靠的角色

「凱達格蘭論壇－2021亞太安全對話 」剛落幕，有16位政要與專家線上視訊討論 #台海局勢對印太區域的挑戰、#四方安全對話、#灰色地帶脅迫、#後疫情時代建立可信賴供應鏈 等議題。

來，小編幫大家整理重點：

#蔡英文總統

蔡總統說，威權體制在COVID-19疫情中竄起，民主國家在後疫情時代更堅定捍衛共享價值和體制；她也強調台灣在民主、再生能源及半導體都是美日印澳的「四方安全對話」及歐盟「歐亞連結策略」 #不可或缺的夥伴。台灣願意承擔確保區域穩定的責任，我國盼與 #鄰國 在和平、穩定及互惠的原則下共存，並堅持捍衛民主和生活方式。

#克拉芙特大使

美國前駐聯合國常任代表克拉芙特大使說，#美國從川普政府到拜登總統都重視台灣，強調一旦台灣失守，太平洋的安全也就消失。她表示台灣具有與中國獨特的互動經驗，可提供QUAD參考，希望台灣成為QUAD+的成員。

#田中光政務次長

田次長在閉幕致詞中引用美國開國元勳富蘭克林的名言：「放棄自由以換取短暫安穩的人，既得不到自由，也得不到安穩」(中肯又重要)，強調台灣自我防衛的決心，扮演捍衛民主價值、保障印太安全及全球供應鏈等戰略角色。

遠景基金會

The Ketagalan Forum—2021 Asia-Pacific Security Dialogue drew to a successful close yesterday. Due to the ongoing pandemic, the forum was held online this year, addressing a range of topics including developments in the Taiwan Strait, how QUAD are meeting the challenges of the #IndoPacific, #GrayZoneCoercion in the East and South China Seas and the reconfiguration of global supply chains in the #PostPandemicEra.

In her pre-recorded address, President Tsai Ing-wen warned that as we emerge from the pandemic, authoritarian regimes have a new confidence in their alternative model to the liberal democratic order. Taiwan, she said, which continues to thrive, can offer a solution to many democratic countries who are struggling to get their footing back amid a series of challenges, including #ClimateChange, emerging diseases, non-proliferation, terrorism, and secure supply chains. She added that Taiwan is well-positioned to serve as an indispensable partner in sectors such as biotechnology, renewable energy, and the semiconductor industry, with the revival of the QUAD and the EU's proposed EU-Asia Connectivity Strategy.

Keynote speaker, former United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations Ambassador Kelly Craft, with her Formosan bear in tow, stressed her personal relationship with Taiwan and called out China’s government-run media outlets for trying to take advantage of the situation in Afghanistan to undermine Taiwan’s trust in the United States as a security partner. She applauded the Biden administration for its continuing demonstration of the US commitment to Taiwan and underlined the importance of Taiwan to US security at home, saying “If Taiwan is lost, we lose too.” She also pointed to what she called systemic discrimination in the UN system against Taiwan and expressed her support for Taiwan becoming a QUAD+ member.

MOFA Deputy Minister Tien Chung-kwang stressed Taiwan’s determination to defend herself and to be a reliable partner in the creation of regional and global supply chains, citing US Founding Father Benjamin Franklin’s famous words, “Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.”

The dialogue hosted four panels, with 16 officials or former officials and academics from countries, including the #US, #Japan, #France, #Australia, #India, #Singapore, #SouthKorea, #Vietnam and the #Philippines.

Billionaire อายุน้อยที่สุด ในอินเดีย ทำธุรกิจอะไร? /โดย ลงทุนแมน
Zerodha หนึ่งในสตาร์ตอัป จากประเทศอินเดีย
มีผู้ก่อตั้งเป็น Billionaire ที่มีอายุน้อยที่สุดในประเทศ
คำว่า Billionaire คือบุคคลที่มีทรัพย์สินมากกว่า 30,000 ล้านบาทขึ้นไป
แล้ว Zerodha ทำธุรกิจอะไร
ลงทุนแมนจะเล่าให้ฟัง
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Blockdit เป็นแพลตฟอร์ม สำหรับนักอ่าน และนักเขียน
ที่มีผู้ใช้งาน 1 ล้านคน ลองใช้แพลตฟอร์มนี้เพื่อได้ไอเดียใหม่ๆ
แล้วอาจพบว่าสังคมนี้เหมาะกับคนเช่นคุณ
Blockdit. Ideas Happen. Blockdit.com/download
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Zerodha เป็นสตาร์ตอัปโบรกเกอร์ หรือนายหน้าซื้อขายหลักทรัพย์ออนไลน์
ปัจจุบัน Zerodha เป็นโบรกเกอร์ที่มีส่วนแบ่งตลาดสูงที่สุดในประเทศอินเดีย
โดยผู้ก่อตั้งได้เงินทุนในการก่อตั้งบริษัทมาจากเงินลงทุนส่วนตัว
และก็ได้ชักชวนพี่ชายมาสร้างแพลตฟอร์มนี้กันสองคน

แล้วทำไมถึงต้องเป็นธุรกิจโบรกเกอร์ออนไลน์ ?

ตลาดหุ้นอินเดีย มีมูลค่ามากเป็นอันดับ 10 ของโลก และอันดับ 4 ในเอเชีย
แต่ขณะเดียวกัน มีคนอินเดียที่ลงทุนในหุ้นน้อยมาก
หรือคิดเป็นประมาณ 2% ของประชากรเท่านั้น
เมื่อเทียบกับ 7% ของประเทศจีน

ส่วนหนึ่งก็เป็นเพราะว่า ประเทศอินเดีย
ขึ้นชื่อเรื่องค่าธรรมเนียมการซื้อขายสินค้าทางการเงินที่แพงมาก
ไม่ว่าจะลงทุนผ่านกองทุนรวม หรือนายหน้าซื้อขายหุ้น
นอกจากนั้นยังรวมไปถึงวิธีการซื้อขาย ยังทำได้ยุ่งยากอีกด้วย

ซึ่งเรื่องนี้ ก็เป็นสิ่งที่คุณ Nikhil Kamath ผู้ร่วมก่อตั้ง Zerodha เจอกับตัวเอง

ย้อนกลับไป คุณ Nikhil Kamath ลาออกจากโรงเรียนเพื่อมาเป็นนักหมากรุกตอนอายุ 14 ปี
และ 3 ปีหลังจากนั้น เขาก็ได้เริ่มเทรดหุ้น ซึ่งในเวลานั้น (20 ปีที่แล้ว) ค่าคอมมิชชันของโบรกเกอร์ในอินเดียแพงมาก

หลังจากเทรดหุ้นจนเริ่มสร้างตัวได้
คุณ Nikhil Kamath เลยตั้งใจจะสร้างแพลตฟอร์มเพื่อการลงทุน
ที่ช่วยขจัดปัญหาและอุปสรรคที่ต้องเจอมาตลอด

เขาจึงนำเงินเก็บมาสร้างแพลตฟอร์มโบรกเกอร์ออนไลน์ร่วมกับพี่ชาย
และ “Zerodha” ก็ได้เกิดขึ้นในปี 2010

Nikhil Kamath ตั้งใจให้แพลตฟอร์มแห่งนี้
เป็นช่องทางให้นักลงทุนรายย่อย เข้าถึงการลงทุนได้มากขึ้น
เหมือนกับชื่อบริษัท Zerodha ที่แปลว่าไม่มีสิ่งกีดขวาง

นั่นจึงทำให้ Zerodha เป็นโบรกเกอร์ออนไลน์ ที่คิดค่าคอมมิชชันในราคาย่อมเยา
หรือที่เรียกว่า “Discount Broker” เจ้าแรกในอินเดีย

แม้ Zerodha ยังซื้อขายหลักทรัพย์ได้เฉพาะในตลาดอินเดีย
แต่ทางบริษัทก็ได้รวมผลิตภัณฑ์ทางการเงินไว้หลากหลาย ซึ่งก็ได้แก่
หุ้น, ฟิวเจอร์ส, อ็อปชัน, อัตราแลกเปลี่ยน, ตราสารหนี้ และกองทุนรวม

ในช่วงแรก Zerodha คิดค่าคอมมิชชันในราคาต่ำ แต่ด้วยการแข่งขันที่เข้มข้นในอินเดีย ทำให้ในปัจจุบัน Zerodha ได้ยกเลิกค่าคอมมิชชันไปแล้ว

มีเพียงการซื้อขายฟิวเจอร์สและอ็อปชัน
รวมถึงการซื้อขายหุ้นภายในวันเดียวกัน
ที่ยังคงคิดค่าคอมมิชชันต่อวันที่ประมาณ 9 บาท

โดยค่าคอมมิชชันเล็กน้อย กับค่าเปิดบัญชีซื้อขายที่ 130 บาท ถือเป็นรายได้หลักของ Zerodha ในปัจจุบัน

ดูเหมือนว่าค่าคอมมิชชันราคาถูกอย่างเดียว คงไม่ใช่จุดขายที่ยั่งยืนของ Zerodha อีกต่อไป

เพราะแม้ว่าจะได้ผลดีในการดึงดูดลูกค้าในช่วงแรก
แต่สุดท้ายแล้วเหล่าโบรกเกอร์ก็ต้องแข่งกันลดค่าคอมมิชชัน
เพื่อแย่งชิงลูกค้า จนลงเอยที่การไม่คิดค่าคอมมิชชันในที่สุด

ดังนั้นการแข่งขันเพื่อแย่งชิงลูกค้าของ Discount Broker
จึงอยู่ที่การพัฒนาแพลตฟอร์มซื้อขาย ทั้งต้องให้ใช้งานได้ง่าย
และมีบริการเสริมอื่น ๆ เช่น กราฟ และบทวิเคราะห์
รวมไปถึงตัวเลือกในการตั้งคำสั่งซื้อขายที่ครอบคลุมความต้องการของลูกค้าให้มากที่สุด

ซึ่ง Zerodha ก็ได้ทำให้ปัจจัยที่ว่ามานี้ กลายเป็นจุดแข็งของตัวเองได้หมด

ตั้งแต่แพลตฟอร์มซื้อขาย ซึ่งเน้นแอปพลิเคชันบนสมาร์ตโฟน
ที่ใช้งานง่าย สะดวก รวดเร็ว มีฟังก์ชันการใช้งานมากมาย

อย่างการตั้งคำสั่งซื้อขายแบบมีเงื่อนไข ก็ให้ครบแบบที่โบรกเกอร์ชั้นนำทั่วโลกมี
และยังมีคำสั่งพิเศษ อย่างเช่น Margin Intraday Square-Off
ที่ให้ลูกค้าสามารถใช้เงินจำนวนเท่าเดิม แต่ซื้อขายหุ้นในมูลค่าที่มากขึ้น
แต่มีข้อแม้ว่าต้องซื้อขายกลับคืนให้จบในวันเดียวกันเท่านั้น

และสิ่งที่ดึงดูดลูกค้าได้เป็นวงกว้างก็คือ
เป็นศูนย์รวมการซื้อขายกองทุนรวม และให้บริการบทวิเคราะห์เชิงลึก

นั่นจึงทำให้ Zerodha ตอบโจทย์ผู้ใช้งานได้เหนือกว่าคู่แข่ง
ซึ่งก็วัดผลได้จากการที่ Zerodha มีจำนวนลูกค้าที่บัญชีมีการเคลื่อนไหวอยู่มากที่สุดในประเทศ

และยังเป็นโบรกเกอร์ที่มีปริมาณซื้อขายรายวันสูงที่สุดในอินเดีย
หรือคิดเป็น 15% ของปริมาณการซื้อขายทั้งหมด
เอาชนะโบรกเกอร์เก่าแก่อย่าง ICICI และ HDFC ได้

ซึ่งลูกค้าที่เพิ่มขึ้นนั้น มาจากการบอกต่อกันปากต่อปาก
โดยที่ Zerodha ไม่เคยทำการตลาดเลย

และนอกจากจำนวนลูกค้าและปริมาณการซื้อขาย
จะทิ้งห่างคู่แข่งอย่าง Upstox ที่ตามมาเป็นอันดับสองอยู่เกือบเท่าตัวแล้ว
นอกจากนี้ Zerodha ยังมีกำไรสุทธิมากกว่า Upstox เกือบ 3 เท่า

เราลองมาดูผลการดำเนินงานของ Zerodha จากข้อมูลที่ตัวแทนบริษัทเปิดเผย

ปี 2019 รายได้ 4,080 ล้านบาท กำไรสุทธิ 1,503 ล้านบาท
ปี 2020 รายได้ 4,697 ล้านบาท กำไรสุทธิ 1,812 ล้านบาท

จะเห็นได้ว่า Zerodha มีความสามารถในการทำกำไรอยู่ในระดับสูง เพราะมีต้นทุนการดำเนินงานต่ำ

ในขณะเดียวกัน Zerodha ก็ยังมีแผนการอีกมากมายในอนาคต
อย่างการให้ลูกค้ากู้เงิน โดยใช้มูลค่าหุ้นหรือกองทุนรวมค้ำประกัน
รวมถึงการขอใบอนุญาตเป็นบริษัทจัดการกองทุนรวม
เพื่อเพิ่มช่องทางให้นักลงทุนในอินเดีย ได้ลงทุนในต่างประเทศสะดวกขึ้น

อย่างไรก็ตาม แม้ว่า Zerodha จะมีอายุได้ร่วม 10 ปีแล้ว
แถมมีผลประกอบการที่สวยหรู แต่ที่ผ่านมาบริษัทแห่งนี้
ก็ไม่เคยระดมทุนและรับเงินลงทุนจากคนภายนอก หรือกู้เงินเลย

แต่ที่น่าสนใจคือ
ทางผู้บริหารได้ประเมินมูลค่าบริษัทตัวเองว่ามีมูลค่า อยู่ที่ระดับยูนิคอร์น หรือประมาณ 30,000 ล้านบาทเป็นอย่างน้อย

และเมื่อเราไปดูกำไรที่บริษัททำได้ 1,812 ล้านบาท
หมายความว่าที่มูลค่ายูนิคอร์น บริษัทแห่งนี้ก็จะมีอัตราส่วน P/E ราว 16 เท่า
เมื่อเทียบกับ P/E ทั้งตลาดหุ้นอินเดียที่ 30 เท่า
ก็ถือว่าทางผู้บริหารให้มูลค่ากับบริษัทตัวเองน่าจะสมเหตุสมผลอยู่ไม่น้อย

ส่วน Forbes ก็ได้ประเมินมูลค่าทรัพย์สินของพี่น้องตระกูล Kamath ว่ามีทรัพย์สินประมาณ 48,000 ล้านบาท ซึ่งถือว่าเป็น Billionaire ที่มีอายุน้อยที่สุดในอินเดีย ไปเรียบร้อยแล้ว..

ถึงตอนนี้ทุกคนคงอยากรู้แล้วว่า พี่น้องคู่นี้อายุเท่าไร
ปัจจุบันคุณ Nikhil Kamath อายุ 34 ปี
และพี่ชาย Nithin Kamath อายุ 41 ปี
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Blockdit เป็นแพลตฟอร์ม สำหรับนักอ่าน และนักเขียน
ที่มีผู้ใช้งาน 1 ล้านคน ลองใช้แพลตฟอร์มนี้เพื่อได้ไอเดียใหม่ๆ
แล้วอาจพบว่าสังคมนี้เหมาะกับคนเช่นคุณ
Blockdit. Ideas Happen. Blockdit.com/download
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ติดตามลงทุนแมนได้ที่
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References:
-https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/zerodha-valued-itself-at-1-billion-hurun-unicorn-startups-list-bumps-it-up-to-3-billion-but-founder-says-valuation-doesnt-matter/articleshow/77347721.cms
-https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/12/zerodhas-nikhil-kamath-is-indias-youngest-new-billionaire.html
-https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/13/investing-advice-from-zerodhas-billionaire-co-founder-nikhil-kamath.html
-https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/india-rich-list-2020/1877/all
-https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2020/how-zerodhas-young-founders-nithin-and-nikhil-kamath-made-their-way-to-the-rich-list/64085/1
-https://startuptalky.com/zerodha-trading-services/
-https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indias-biggest-brokerage-projecting-sharp-drop-in-trading-volumes-revenue-this-year/articleshow/81909631.cms?from=mdr
-https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/burned-out-broker-got-rich-aiding-millennials-trade-for-free/articleshow/69248060.cms?from=mdr
-https://entrackr.com/2021/02/zerodhas-revenue-grows-to-rs-1094-cr-in-fy20-with-rs-442-36-cr-profit/
-https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/zerodha-founders-nithin-kamath-and-nikhil-kamath-top-list-of-richest-self-made-indians-under-40-11602579116861.html

這是前些日子爆出已經被加拿大法院接理對藏傳佛教噶舉派法王的訟訴。（加拿大法院鏈接在此：https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/sc/21/09/2021BCSC0939cor1.htm?fbclid=IwAR2FLZlzmUIGTBaTuKPVchEqqngcE3Qy6G_C0TWNWVKa2ksbIYkVJVMQ8f8）

這位法王的桃色事件，我是幾年前才聽到。但，藏傳佛教的高層有這些性醜聞，我已經聽了幾十年。我以前的一位前女友也被一些堪布藉故上她的家摟抱過，也有一些活佛跟她表白。（這不只是她，其他地方我也聽過不少）

這是一個藏傳佛教裡面系統式的問題。

很多時候發生這種事情，信徒和教主往往都是說女方得不到寵而報仇，或者說她們也精神病，或者說她們撒謊。

我不排除有這種可能性，但，多過一位，甚至多位出來指證的時候，我是傾向於相信『沒有那麼巧這麼多有精神病的女人要撒謊來報仇』。

大寶法王的桃色事件，最先吹哨的是一位台灣的在家信徒，第二位是香港的女出家人，現在加拿大又多一位公開舉報上法庭。

對大寶法王信徒來說，這一次的比較麻煩，因為是有孩子的。（關於有孩子的，我早在法王的桃色事件曝光時，就有聽聞）

如果法庭勒令要驗證DNA，這對法王和他的信徒來說，會很尷尬和矛盾，因為做或不做，都死。

你若問我，我覺得『人數是有力量的』，同時我也覺得之後有更多的人站出來，是不出奇的。

我也藉此呼籲各方佛教徒，如果你們真的愛佛教，先別說批判，但如鴕鳥般不討論這些爭議，你是間接害了佛教。

（下面是我從加拿大法院鏈接拷貝下來的內容，當中有很多細節。）

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

ANALYSIS

A. The Spousal Support Claim in this Case

B. The Test to Amend Pleadings

C. Pleadings in Family Law Cases

D. The Legal Concept of a Marriage-Like Relationship

E. Is There a Reasonable Claim of a Marriage-Like Relationship?

F. Delay / Prejudice

CONCLUSION



INTRODUCTION
[1] The claimant applies to amend her notice of family claim to seek spousal support. At issue is whether the claimant’s allegations give rise to a reasonable claim she lived with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship, so as to give rise to a potential entitlement to spousal support under the Family Law Act, S.B.C. 2011, c. 25 (“FLA”).

[2] The facts alleged by the claimant do not fit within a traditional concept of marriage. The claimant does not allege that she and the respondent ever lived together. Indeed, she has only met the respondent in person four times: twice very briefly in a public setting; a third time in private, when she alleges the respondent sexually assaulted her; and a fourth and final occasion, when she informed the respondent she was pregnant with his child.

[3] The claimant’s case is that what began as a non-consensual sexual encounter evolved into a loving and affectionate relationship. That relationship occurred almost entirely over private text messages. The parties rarely spoke on the telephone, and never saw one another during the relationship, even over video. The claimant says they could not be together because the respondent is forbidden by his station and religious beliefs from intimate relationships or marriage. Nonetheless, she alleges, they formed a marriage-like relationship that lasted from January 2018 to January 2019.

[4] The respondent denies any romantic relationship with the claimant. While he acknowledges providing emotional and financial support to the claimant, he says it was for the benefit of the child the claimant told him was his daughter.

[5] The claimant’s proposed amendment raises a novel question: can a secret relationship that began on-line and never moved into the physical world be like a marriage? In my view, that question should be answered by a trial judge after hearing all of the evidence. The alleged facts give rise to a reasonable claim the claimant lived with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship. Accordingly, I grant the claimant leave to amend her notice of family claim.

BACKGROUND
[6] It should be emphasized that this is an application to amend pleadings only. The allegations by the claimant are presumed to be true for the purposes of this application. Those allegations have not been tested in a court of law.

[7] The respondent, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, is a high lama of the Karma Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism. He has been recognized and enthroned as His Holiness, the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa. Without meaning any disrespect, I will refer to him as Mr. Dorje in these reasons for judgment.

[8] Mr. Dorje leads a monastic and nomadic lifestyle. His true home is Tibet, but he currently resides in India. He receives followers from around the world at the Gyuto Monetary in India. He also travels the world teaching Tibetan Buddhist Dharma and hosting pujas, ceremonies at which Buddhists express their gratitude and devotion to the Buddha.

[9] The claimant, Vikki Hui Xin Han, is a former nun of Tibetan Buddhism. Ms. Han first encountered Mr. Dorje briefly at a large puja in 2014. The experience of the puja convinced Ms. Han she wanted to become a Buddhist nun. She met briefly with Mr. Dorje, in accordance with Kagyu traditions, to obtain his approval to become a nun.

[10] In October 2016, Ms. Han began a three-year, three-month meditation retreat at a monastery in New York State. Her objective was to learn the practices and teachings of the Kagyu Lineage. Mr. Dorje was present at the retreat twice during the time Ms. Han was at the monastery.

[11] Ms. Han alleges that on October 14, 2017, Mr. Dorje sexually assaulted her in her room at the monastery. She alleges that she became pregnant from the assault.

[12] After she learned that she was pregnant, Ms. Han requested a private audience with Mr. Dorje. In November 2017, in the presence of his bodyguards, Ms. Han informed Mr. Dorje she was pregnant with his child. Mr. Dorje initially denied responsibility; however, he provided Ms. Han with his email address and a cellphone number, and, according to Ms. Han, said he would “prepare some money” for her.

[13] Ms. Han abandoned her plan to become a nun, left the retreat and returned to Canada. She never saw Mr. Dorje again.

[14] After Ms. Han returned to Canada, she and Mr. Dorje began a regular communication over an instant messaging app called Line. They also exchanged emails and occasionally spoke on the telephone.

[15] The parties appear to have expressed care and affection for one another in these communications. I say “appear to” because it is difficult to fully understand the meaning and intentions of another person from brief text messages, especially those originally written in a different language. The parties wrote in a private shorthand, sharing jokes, emojis, cartoon portraits and “hugs” or “kisses”. Ms. Han was the more expressive of the two, writing more frequently and in longer messages. Mr. Dorje generally participated in response to questions or prompting from Ms. Han, sometimes in single word messages.

[16] Ms. Han deposes that she believed Mr. Dorje was in love with her and that, by January 2018, she and Mr. Dorje were living in a “conjugal relationship”.

[17] During their communications, Ms. Han expressed concern that her child would be “illegitimate”. She appears to have asked Mr. Dorje to marry her, and he appears to have responded that he was “not ready”.

[18] Throughout 2018, Mr. Dorje transferred funds in various denominations to Ms. Han through various third parties. Ms. Han deposes that these funds were:

a) $50,000 CDN to deliver the child and for postpartum care she was to receive at a facility in Seattle;

b) $300,000 CDN for the first year of the child’s life;

c) $20,000 USD for a wedding ring, because Ms. Han wrote “Even if we cannot get married, you must buy me a wedding ring”;

d) $400,000 USD to purchase a home for the mother and child.

[19] On June 19, 2018, Ms. Han gave birth to a daughter in Richmond, B.C.

[20] On September 17, 2018, Mr. Dorje wrote, ”Taking care of her and you are my duty for life”.

[21] Ms. Han’s expectation was that the parties would live together in the future. She says they planned to live together. Those plans evolved over time. Initially they involved purchasing a property in Toronto, so that Mr. Dorje could visit when he was in New York. They also discussed purchasing property in Calgary or renting a home in Vancouver for that purpose. Ms. Han eventually purchased a condominium in Richmond using funds provided by Mr. Dorje.

[22] Ms. Han deposes that the parties made plans for Mr. Dorje to visit her and meet the child in Richmond. In October 2018, however, Mr. Dorje wrote that he needed to “disappear” to Europe. He wrote:

I will definitely find a way to meet her

And you

Remember to take care of yourself if something happens

[23] The final plan the parties discussed, according to Ms. Han, was that Mr. Dorje would sponsor Ms. Han and the child to immigrate to the United States and live at the Kagyu retreat centre in New York State.

[24] In January 2019, Ms. Han lost contact with Mr. Dorje.

[25] Ms. Han commenced this family law case on July 17, 2019, seeking child support, a declaration of parentage and a parentage test. She did not seek spousal support.

[26] Ms. Han first proposed a claim for spousal support in October 2020 after a change in her counsel. Following an exchange of correspondence concerning an application for leave to amend the notice of family claim, Ms. Han’s counsel wrote that Ms. Han would not be advancing a spousal support claim. On March 16, 2020, counsel reversed course, and advised that Ms. Han had instructed him to proceed with the application.

[27] When this application came on before me, the trial was set to commence on June 7, 2021. The parties were still in the process of discoveries and obtaining translations for hundreds of pages of documents in Chinese characters.

[28] At a trial management conference on May 6, 2021, noting the parties were not ready to proceed, Madam Justice Walkem adjourned the trial to April 11, 2022.

ANALYSIS
A. The Spousal Support Claim in this Case
[29] To claim spousal support in this case, Ms. Han must plead that she lived with Mr. Dorje in a marriage-like relationship. This is because only “spouses” are entitled to spousal support, and s. 3 of the Family Law Act defines a spouse as a person who is married or has lived with another person in a marriage-like relationship:

3 (1) A person is a spouse for the purposes of this Act if the person

(a) is married to another person, or

(b) has lived with another person in a marriage-like relationship, and

(i) has done so for a continuous period of at least 2 years, or

(ii) except in Parts 5 [Property Division] and 6 [Pension Division], has a child with the other person.

[30] Because she alleges she has a child with Mr. Dorje, Ms. Han need not allege that the relationship endured for a continuous period of two years to claim spousal support; but she must allege that she lived in a marriage-like relationship with him at some point in time. Accordingly, she must amend the notice of family claim.

B. The Test to Amend Pleadings
[31] Given that the notice of trial has been served, Ms. Han requires leave of the court to amend the notice of family claim: Supreme Court Family Rule 8-1(1)(b)(i).

[32] A person seeking to amend a notice of family claim must show that there is a reasonable cause of action. This is a low threshold. What the applicant needs to establish is that, if the facts pleaded are proven at trial, they would support a reasonable claim. The applicant’s allegations of fact are assumed to be true for the purposes of this analysis. Cantelon v. Wall, 2015 BCSC 813, at para. 7-8.

[33] The applicant’s delay, the reasons for the delay, and the prejudice to the responding party are also relevant factors. The ultimate consideration is whether it would be just and convenient to allow the amendment. Cantelon, at para. 6, citing Teal Cedar Products Ltd. v. Dale Intermediaries Ltd. et al (1986), 19 B.C.L.R. (3d) 282.

C. Pleadings in Family Law Cases
[34] Supreme Court Family Rules 3-1(1) and 4-1(1) require that a claim to spousal support be pleaded in a notice of family claim in Form F3. Section 2 of Form F3, “Spousal relationship history”, requires a spousal support claimant to check the boxes that apply to them, according to whether they are or have been married or are or have been in a marriage-like relationship. Where a claimant alleges a marriage-like relationship, Form F3 requires that they provide the date on which they began to live together with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship and, where applicable, the date on which they separated. Form F3 does not require a statement of the factual basis for the claim of spousal support.

[35] In this case, Ms. Han seeks to amend the notice of family claim to allege that she and Mr. Dorje began to live in a marriage-like relationship in or around January 2018, and separated in or around January 2019.

[36] An allegation that a person lived with a claimant in a marriage-like relationship is a conclusion of law, not an allegation of fact. Unlike the rules governing pleadings in civil actions, however, the Supreme Court Family Rules do not expressly require family law claimants to plead the material facts in support of conclusions of law.

[37] In other words, there is no express requirement in the Supreme Court Family Rules that Ms. Han plead the facts on which she relies for the allegation she and Mr. Dorje lived in a marriage-like relationship.

[38] Rule 4-6 authorizes a party to demand particulars, and then apply to the court for an order for further and better particulars, of a matter stated in a pleading. However, unless and until she is granted leave and files the proposed amended notice of family claim, Ms. Han’s allegation of a marriage-like relationship is not a matter stated in a pleading.

[39] Ms. Han filed an affidavit in support of her application to amend the notice of family claim. Normally, evidence would not be required or admissible on an application to amend a pleading. However, in the unusual circumstances of this case, the parties agreed I may look to Ms. Han’s affidavit and exhibits for the facts she pleads in support of the allegation of a marriage-like relationship.

[40] Because this is an application to amend - and Ms. Han’s allegations of fact are presumed to be true - I have not considered Mr. Dorje’s responding affidavit.

[41] Relying on affidavit evidence for an application to amend pleadings is less than ideal. It tends to merge and confuse the material facts with the evidence that would be relied on to prove those facts. In a number of places in her affidavit, for example, Ms. Han describes her feelings, impressions and understandings. A person’s hopes and intentions are not normally material facts unless they are mutual or reasonably held. The facts on which Ms. Han alleges she and Mr. Dorje formed a marriage-like relationship are more important for the present purposes than her belief they entered into a conjugal union.

[42] Somewhat unusually, in this case, almost all of the parties’ relevant communications were in writing. This makes it somewhat easier to separate the facts from the evidence; however, as stated above, it is difficult to understand the intentions and actions of a person from brief text messages.

[43] In my view, it would be a good practice for applicants who seek to amend their pleadings in family law cases to provide opposing counsel and the court with a schedule of the material facts on which they rely for the proposed amendment.

D. The Legal Concept of a Marriage-Like Relationship
[44] As Mr. Justice Myers observed in Mother 1 v. Solus Trust Company, 2019 BCSC 200, the concept of a marriage-like relationship is elastic and difficult to define. This elasticity is illustrated by the following passage from Yakiwchuk v. Oaks, 2003 SKQB 124, quoted by Myers J. at para. 133 of Mother 1:

[10] Spousal relationships are many and varied. Individuals in spousal relationships, whether they are married or not, structure their relationships differently. In some relationships there is a complete blending of finances and property - in others, spouses keep their property and finances totally separate and in still others one spouse may totally control those aspects of the relationship with the other spouse having little or no knowledge or input. For some couples, sexual relations are very important - for others, that aspect may take a back seat to companionship. Some spouses do not share the same bed. There may be a variety of reasons for this such as health or personal choice. Some people are affectionate and demonstrative. They show their feelings for their “spouse” by holding hands, touching and kissing in public. Other individuals are not demonstrative and do not engage in public displays of affection. Some “spouses” do everything together - others do nothing together. Some “spouses” vacation together and some spend their holidays apart. Some “spouses” have children - others do not. It is this variation in the way human beings structure their relationships that make the determination of when a “spousal relationship” exists difficult to determine. With married couples, the relationship is easy to establish. The marriage ceremony is a public declaration of their commitment and intent. Relationships outside marriage are much more difficult to ascertain. Rarely is there any type of “public” declaration of intent. Often people begin cohabiting with little forethought or planning. Their motivation is often nothing more than wanting to “be together”. Some individuals have chosen to enter relationships outside marriage because they did not want the legal obligations imposed by that status. Some individuals have simply given no thought as to how their relationship would operate. Often the date when the cohabitation actually began is blurred because people “ease into” situations, spending more and more time together. Agreements between people verifying when their relationship began and how it will operate often do not exist.

[45] In Mother 1, Mr. Justice Myers referred to a list of 22 factors grouped into seven categories, from Maldowich v. Penttinen, (1980), 17 R.F.L. (2d) 376 (Ont. Dist. Ct.), that have frequently been cited in this and other courts for the purpose of determining whether a relationship was marriage-like, at para. 134 of Mother 1:

1. Shelter:

(a) Did the parties live under the same roof?

(b) What were the sleeping arrangements?

(c) Did anyone else occupy or share the available accommodation?

2. Sexual and Personal Behaviour:

(a) Did the parties have sexual relations? If not, why not?

(b) Did they maintain an attitude of fidelity to each other?

(c) What were their feelings toward each other?

(d) Did they communicate on a personal level?

(e) Did they eat their meals together?

(f) What, if anything, did they do to assist each other with problems or during illness?

(g) Did they buy gifts for each other on special occasions?

3. Services:

What was the conduct and habit of the parties in relation to:

(a) preparation of meals;

(b) washing and mending clothes;

(c) shopping;

(d) household maintenance; and

(e) any other domestic services?

4. Social:

(a) Did they participate together or separately in neighbourhood and community activities?

(b) What was the relationship and conduct of each of them toward members of their respective families and how did such families behave towards the parties?

5. Societal:

What was the attitude and conduct of the community toward each of them and as a couple?

6. Support (economic):

(a) What were the financial arrangements between the parties regarding the provision of or contribution toward the necessaries of life (food, clothing, shelter, recreation, etc.)?

(b) What were the arrangements concerning the acquisition and ownership of property?

(c) Was there any special financial arrangement between them which both agreed would be determinant of their overall relationship?

7. Children:

What was the attitude and conduct of the parties concerning children?

[46] In Austin v. Goerz, 2007 BCCA 586, the Court of Appeal cautioned against a “checklist approach”; rather, a court should "holistically" examine all the relevant factors. Cases like Molodowich provide helpful indicators of the sorts of behaviour that society associates with a marital relationship, the Court of Appeal said; however, “the presence or absence of any particular factor cannot be determinative of whether a relationship is marriage-like” (para. 58).

[47] In Weber v. Leclerc, 2015 BCCA 492, the Court of Appeal again affirmed that there is no checklist of characteristics that will be found in all marriages and then concluded with respect to evidence of intentions:

[23] The parties’ intentions – particularly the expectation that the relationship will be of lengthy, indeterminate duration – may be of importance in determining whether a relationship is “marriage-like”. While the court will consider the evidence expressly describing the parties’ intentions during the relationship, it will also test that evidence by considering whether the objective evidence is consonant with those intentions.

[24] The question of whether a relationship is “marriage-like” will also typically depend on more than just their intentions. Objective evidence of the parties’ lifestyle and interactions will also provide direct guidance on the question of whether the relationship was “marriage-like”.

[48] Significantly for this case, the courts have looked to mutual intent in order to find a marriage-like relationship. See, for example, L.E. v. D.J., 2011 BCSC 671 and Buell v. Unger, 2011 BCSC 35; Davey Estate v. Gruyaert, 2005 CarswellBC 3456 at 13 and 35.

[49] In Mother 1, Myers J. concluded his analysis of the law with the following learned comment:

[143] Having canvassed the law relating to the nature of a marriage-like relationship, I will digress to point out the problematic nature of the concept. It may be apparent from the above that determining whether a marriage-like relationship exists sometimes seems like sand running through one's fingers. Simply put, a marriage-like relationship is akin to a marriage without the formality of a marriage. But as the cases mentioned above have noted, people treat their marriages differently and have different conceptions of what marriage entails.

[50] In short, the determination of whether the parties in this case lived in a marriage-like relationship is a fact-specific inquiry that a trial judge would need to make on a “holistic” basis, having regard to all of the evidence. While the trial judge may consider the various factors listed in the authorities, those factors would not be treated as a checklist and no single factor or category of factors would be treated as being decisive.

E. Is There a Reasonable Claim of a Marriage-Like Relationship?
[51] In this case, many of the Molodowich factors are missing:

a) The parties never lived under the same roof. They never slept together. They were never in the same place at the same time during the relationship. The last time they saw each other in person was in November 2017, before the relationship began.

b) The parties never had consensual sex. They did not hug, kiss or hold hands. With the exception of the alleged sexual assault, they never touched one another physically.

c) The parties expressed care and affection for one another, but they rarely shared personal information or interest in their lives outside of their direct topic of communication. They did not write about their families, their friends, their religious beliefs or their work.

d) They expressed concern and support for one another when the other felt unwell or experienced health issues, but they did not provide any care or assistance during illness or other problems.

e) They did not assist one another with domestic chores.

f) They did not share their relationship with their peers or their community. There is no allegation, for example, that Mr. Dorje told his fellow monks or any of his followers about the relationship. There is no allegation that Ms. Han told her friends or any co-workers. Indeed, there is no allegation that anyone, with the exception of Ms. Han’s mother, knew about the relationship. Although Mr. Dorje gave Ms. Han’s mother a gift, he never met the mother and he never spoke to her.

g) They did not intend to have a child together. The child was conceived as a result of a sexual assault. While Mr. Dorje expressed interest in “meeting” the child, he never followed up. He currently has no relationship with the child. There is no allegation he has sought access or parenting arrangements.

[52] The only Molodowich factor of any real relevance in this case is economic support. Mr. Dorje provided the funds with which Ms. Han purchased a condominium. Mr. Dorje initially wrote that he wanted to buy a property with the money, but, he wrote, “It’s the same thing if you buy [it]”.

[53] Mr. Dorje also provided a significant amount of money for Ms. Han’s postpartum care and the child’s first year of life.

[54] This financial support may have been primarily for the benefit of the child. Even the condominium, Ms. Han wrote, was primarily for the benefit of the child.

[55] However, in my view, a trial judge may attach a broader significance to the financial support from Mr. Dorje than child support alone. A trial judge may find that the money Mr. Dorje provided to Ms. Han at her request was an expression of his commitment to her in circumstances in which he could not commit physically. The money and the gifts may be seen by the trial judge to have been a form of down payment by Mr. Dorje on a promise of continued emotional and financial support for Ms. Han, or, in Mr. Dorje’s own words, “Taking care of her and you are my duty for life” (emphasis added).

[56] On the other hand, I find it difficult to attach any particular significance to the fact that Mr. Dorje agreed to provide funds for Ms. Han to purchase a wedding ring. It appears to me that Ms. Han demanded that Mr. Dorje buy her a wedding ring, not that the ring had any mutual meaning to the parties as a marriage symbol. But it is relevant, in my view, that Mr. Dorje provided $20,000 USD to Ms. Han for something she wanted that was of no benefit to the child.

[57] Further, Ms. Han alleges that the parties intended to live together. At a minimum, a trial judge may find that the discussions about where Ms. Han and the child would live reflected a mutual intention of the parties to see one another and spend time together when they could.

[58] Mr. Dorje argues that an intention to live together at some point in the future is not sufficient to show that an existing relationship was marriage-like. He argues that the question of whether the relationship was marriage-like requires more than just intentions, citing Weber, supra.

[59] In my view, the documentary evidence referred to above provides some objective evidence in this case that the parties progressed beyond mere intentions. As stated, the parties appear to have expressed genuine care and affection for one another. They appear to have discussed marriage, trust, honesty, finances, mutual obligations and acquiring family property. These are not matters one would expect Mr. Dorje to discuss with a friend or a follower, or even with the mother of his child, without a marriage-like element of the relationship.

[60] A trial judge may find on the facts alleged by Ms. Han that the parties loved one another and would have lived together, but were unable to do so because of Mr. Dorje’s religious duties and nomadic lifestyle.

[61] The question I raised in the introduction to these reasons is whether a relationship that began on-line and never moved into the physical world can be marriage-like.

[62] Notably, the definition of a spouse in the Family Law Act does not require that the parties live together, only that they live with another person in a marriage-like relationship.

[63] In Connor Estate, 2017 BCSC 978, Mr. Justice Kent found that a couple that maintained two entirely separate households and never lived under the same roof formed a marriage-like relationship. (Connor Estate was decided under the intestacy provisions of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act, S.B.C. 2009, c. 13 ("WESA"), but courts have relied on cases decided under WESA and the FLA interchangeably for their definitions of a spouse.) Mr. Justice Kent found:

[50] The evidence is overwhelming and I find as a fact that Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor loved and cared deeply about each other, and that they had a loving and intimate relationship for over 20 years that was far more than mere friendship or even so-called "friendship with benefits". I accept Mr. Chambers' evidence that he would have liked to share a home with Ms. Connor after the separation from his wife, but was unable to do so because of Ms. Connor's hoarding illness. The evidence amply supports, and I find as a fact, that Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor loved each other, were faithful to each other, communicated with each other almost every day when they were not together, considered themselves to be (and presented themselves to be) "husband and wife" and were accepted by all who knew them as a couple.

[64] Connor Estate may be distinguishable from this case because Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor were physically intimate for over 20 years, and presented themselves to the world as a married couple.

[65] Other decisions in which a marriage-like relationship has been found to exist despite the parties not living together have involved circumstances in which the couple lived under the same roof at previous points in the relationship, and the issue was whether they continued to be spouses after they took up separate residences: in Thompson v. Floyd, 2001 BCCA 78, the parties had lived together for a period of at least 11 years; in Roach v. Dutra, 2010 BCCA 264, the parties had lived together for approximately three years.

[66] However, as Mr. Justice Kent noted in Connor Estate:

[48] … [W]hile much guidance might be found in this case law, the simple fact is that no two cases are identical (and indeed they usually vary widely) and it is the assessment of evidence as a whole in this particular case which matters.

[67] Mr. Justice Kent concluded:

[53] Like human beings themselves, marriage-like relationships can come in many and various shapes. In this particular case, I have no doubt that such a relationship existed …

[68] As stated, Ms. Han’s claim is novel. It may even be weak. Almost all of the traditional factors are missing. The fact that Ms. Han and Mr. Dorje never lived under the same roof, never shared a bed and never even spent time together in person will militate against a finding they lived with one another in a marriage-like relationship. However, the traditional factors are not a mandatory check-list that confines the “elastic” concept of a marriage-like relationship. And if the COVID pandemic has taught us nothing else, it is that real relationships can form, blossom and end in virtual worlds.

[69] In my view, the merits of Ms. Han’s claim should be decided on the evidence. Subject to an overriding prejudice to Mr. Dorje, she should have leave to amend the notice of family claim. However, she should also provide meaningful particulars of the alleged marriage-like relationship.

F. Delay / Prejudice
[70] Ms. Han filed her notice of family claim on July 17, 2019. She brought this application to amend approximately one year and nine months after she filed the pleading, just over two months before the original trial date.

[71] Ms. Han’s delay was made all that more remarkable by her change in position from January 19, 2021, when she confirmed, through counsel, that she was not seeking spousal support in this case.

[72] Ms. Han gave notice of her intention to proceed with this application to Mr. Dorje on March 16, 2021. By the time the application was heard, the parties had conducted examinations for discovery without covering the issues that would arise from a claim of spousal support.

[73] Also, in April, Ms. Han produced additional documents, primarily text messages, that may be relevant to her claim of spousal support, but were undecipherable to counsel for Mr. Dorje, who does not read Mandarin.

[74] This application proceeded largely on documents selected and translated by counsel for Ms. Han. I was informed that Mandarin translations of the full materials would take 150 days.

[75] Understandably in the circumstances, Mr. Dorje argued that an amendment two months before trial would be neither just nor convenient. He argued that he would be prejudiced by an adjournment so as to allow Ms. Han to advance a late claim of spousal support.

[76] The circumstances changed on May 6, 2021, when Madam Justice Walkem adjourned the trial to July 2022 and reset it for 25 days. Madam Justice Walkem noted that most of the witnesses live internationally and require translators. She also noted that paternity may be in issue, and Mr. Dorje may amend his pleadings to raise that issue. It seems clear that, altogether apart from the potential spousal support claim, the parties were not ready to proceed to trial on June 7, 2021.

[77] In my view, any remaining prejudice to Mr. Dorje is outweighed by the importance of having all of the issues between the parties decided on their merits.

[78] Ms. Han’s delay and changes of position on spousal support may be a matter to de addressed in a future order of costs; but they are not grounds on which to deny her leave to amend the notice of family claim.

CONCLUSION
[79] Ms. Han is granted leave to amend her notice of family claim in the form attached as Appendix A to the notice of application to include a claim for spousal support.

[80] Within 21 days, or such other deadline as the parties may agree, Ms. Han must provide particulars of the marriage-like relationship alleged in the amended notice of family claim.

[81] Ms. Han is entitled to costs of this application in the cause of the spousal support claim.

“Master Elwood”

Black Friday Haul Finally! Happy New Year 2021 | BH Cosmetics, Colourpop, Beauty Bay, Huda Beauty...

In this video, I am finally sharing my Black Friday Haul from last year. My products which I ordered finally arrived and I decided to do this chilled video for the first video of the year. A lot more content is coming up on the channel so don't forget to Subscribe and Ring the bell for notifications.

Brands mentioned in this video, BH Cosmetics, Colourpop, Sigma, Jouer, Huda Beauty, Laura Mercier, Sephora, Pat McGrath

BH Cometics Avocado Toast Palette Eye Swatches and Review
https://youtu.be/Lw_SU7XEvsQ

BH Cosmetics Blueberry Muffin Palette
https://youtu.be/jjl1HzgXJSE

Colourpop Boudoir Noir Palette
https://youtu.be/rs3hQkGS_NI

Thank you so much for watching this video.

Don't forget to hit like and SUBSCRIBE to my channel for more such videos.

My Blogs ?
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Products Mentioned:
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Smashbox Photo Finish Primer,
Too Faced Born This Way Foundation "Caramel",
Too Faced Born This Way Concealer "Honey",
Laura Mercier Tranclucent Powder "Honey",
BH Cosmetics Blueberry Muffin Palette,
Laura Mercier Color Infusion Blush "Peach"
Sleek Blush "Sahara",
Benefit Hoola Bronzer "Caramel",
Urban Decay Perversion Liner
Urban Decay Perversion Pencil
Pat McGrath Matte Trance Lipstick "Flesh5"


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antariksha.phadnis@gmail.com

Disclaimer : All opinions expressed are solely mine. I can give you a guideline about the products but It's best to try it out yourself and form your own opinion. All the visual contents of this video are solely mine, please request for permission if you want to use them. This is not a sponsored video.


XOXO
Antariksha