淺談「假新聞」
最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」,讓我想到當前社群媒體上,不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。
簡言之,「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中,創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法,以及潛在的偏見。
positionality 位置性;定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality
以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點:
“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).
從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉,「假新聞」(fake news)已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上,模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」(Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094)。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞,假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度,反而是為了散播錯誤訊息(misinformation)或扭曲訊息(disinformation)。有時,假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者(state or non-state actors)所製造與傳播,藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法(Prier, 2017, p. 54)。在2016年的美國總統大選中,臉書估計有多達6千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中,有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選(Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095)。此類行動可視為資訊戰(information warfare)的一種形式,一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試,從而影響公眾輿論與行為(Prier, 2017, p. 54)。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者(content creators)所創造,而非試圖操弄的行為者,前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事(Doshi, 2020)。
Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).
然而,即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見,卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具,但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標,而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說,新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者,同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此,一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線,不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式,反而在於個人所固有的性格,以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考(critical thinking),意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」(Ennis, 2011, p. 15)。
Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).
臺灣,也被稱為中華民國,正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國(中華人民共和國)——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向,主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝,並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱,自2000年以來,政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育(MOE, 2002, p. 1),其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」(MOE, 2002, p. 2)。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
上述段落認為,由於個人的位置性(positionality),「假新聞」極難定義。此外,有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險,因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。
閱聽人應意識到,他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章?為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊(coercive information),我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用,以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
參考文獻
Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan
Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.
MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf
Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.
★★★★★★★★★★★★
教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI
TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅一二三渡辺,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Project that bears Kawasaki after ten years Kawasaki challenges always newly. Oh dear, I want everybody to feel Kawasaki challenged in the shape visi...
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concretely 在 媽媽監督核電廠聯盟 Facebook 的精選貼文
Via 趙家緯(國立台灣大學風險社會與政策研究中心博士後研究員):“全球風能協會在四月份就發了「全球風能產業針對綠色復甦聲明書」,內容非常完整。
但很可惜的是,這些在台灣插旗的國際風電大廠,並未在臺灣推動此論述。變成COVID-19跟離岸風力的關聯性,只剩下比利時工程師。
https://gwec.net/wind-industry-statement-on-economic-recovery-from-covid-19/
有簡中版本,我調了一些簡中用語。
一、投資於打造永續發展並具有強⼤韌性的未來
-推出合理的國際碳定價機制,為各種能源品類提供公平的競爭環境,推動可再⽣能源及交通、供熱製冷、⼯業等領域電氣化的快速發展。
-保證充⾜的低成本⾦融投資流向關鍵基礎設施項⽬,如符合可持續發展標準的電⼒系統和電網基礎設施等。
-加⼤對技術創新與研發項⽬的資⾦⽀持,加快新⼀代風電機組技術開發。
-以「不損害社會和環境」為原則,為公共及私營機構的投資制定明確標準。
-建⽴政府投資決策評價機制,指標包括對GDP的影響、對環境的影響、對資源的消耗以及社會價值及系統彈性等。
-建⽴信貸及救濟基⾦機構報告機制,確保永續發展及氣候變化相關信息及時披露,與TCFD建議⼀致。
-迅速響應並增加對新興市場和發展中經濟體的綠⾊⾦融投資。資⾦外流和債務增長阻礙了這些國家的能源轉型進程。
二、營造⽀持再⽣能源發展的環境
-制定市場規則,建⽴透明的長期市場價格機制和促進開發的⾼效核准制度。
-對已投運和已獲得許可的風電項⽬,確保原有政策不動搖, 保證規劃中的再⽣能源項⽬順利招標。
-建⽴合理機制保證對⽼舊風電場進⾏規模化改造。
-⿎勵並確保終端⽤⼾可以100%使⽤再⽣能源以實現其永續發展⽬標。破除企業⽤⼾⾃由採購再⽣能源的制度性障礙。
-推出能夠真實反映化⽯能源經濟、社會、環境及健康成本的價格機制,抑制對傳統化⽯能源資產的投資,徹底取消所有對化⽯能源的補貼。
-在政府機構及企業宣布經濟復甦計劃時,推動其同時擬定零碳、碳預算、碳定價以及其他科學基礎⽅法為基礎的氣候承諾。
-通過推動各領域的電氣化來促進全社會的碳減排。
-反對降低環保要求或撤銷環保法案的提議。
三、確保能源轉型的⼈才需求
-釋放風能產業的巨⼤潛⼒,通過投資風能產業創造直接和間接⼯作崗位。
-對其他⾏業⼈員進⾏轉職培訓,使其順利轉⼊海上風電等充滿前景的產業。
-在制定經濟復甦計劃時,要承諾⼀個公平、包容的能源轉型⼤環境,保證資源的合理分配,培訓計劃要兼顧不同性別、不同族裔及邊緣群體。
-保證健康和安全始終是風能產業的核⼼理念。”
♡
concretely 在 CommonWealth Magazine Facebook 的最讚貼文
"I first discovered the systemic nature of market abuse in Hong Kong, and I came to Taiwan to compare concretely how each government handles this market and its consequences."
#opinion #labor #labour #foreignworker #maidetrade #maide #hongkong
concretely 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳解答
Project that bears Kawasaki after ten years
Kawasaki challenges always newly. Oh dear, I want everybody to feel Kawasaki challenged in the shape visible this time more concretely though it is a natural thing. Thus, the concept model's project started.
As for Kawasaki, I especially think the thing that super-sports and sports Zarah of a large displacement are imagined in an image different for a moment from domestic Mr. another three companies in everybody in Japan. What one can the challenge of Kawasaki in the concept model who announces this time be able to propose to everybody as Kawasaki by you when pursuing it at the same time as Kon futuristic before about ten years is assumed, and this two character doesn't compromise?It is a result of the gathering of a young generation who bears the Kawasaki in the future and the negotiation on countless occasions. It is ZZR-X of "Ultorahaispedotsarar".
The design is advanced as much as possible after a rough theme is decided and the project has been advanced to priority. I wanted to differ from the mass production car because it was a place where a new challenge was able to be done as a designer and to reduce the restriction as much as possible. Moreover, this point is a thing that American's local designer attempted doing making to international as for an original design idea. It ..current shape.. completed repeating the discussion with the designer in Akashi based on it. Naturally, a local designer also came to Japan and it talked very hard in Akashi. A hot discussion continued because the idea was also slightly different if the country was different. I think that you may mutually become good stimulation. Hereafter, will not this tendency continue even to the development of the marketed model?
Air management that uses aeromechanics
"Air management" is an important key that enables of each though three modes "Haispedotsararmord" and "Zarah mode" and "Sports mode" are enabled in this model. There is a problem on the regulation in each country for the horsepower, too and fruitlessly requesting only the horsepower improvement will become difficult in the future. Then, it is necessary to improve aerodynamic to run environment friendly, gently also to the rider, and fast though it is actually still so. This is called "Air management". It is DNA that has been succeeded from the ZZR series though the aeromechanics of the Kawasaki forte has been used. This DNA might pursue the air management of the speed and gentleness.
It sprinkles intensively of the opening and shutting flap and the mass that can be operated responding at improved conic type disk plate and speed as the mode change function and the cooling effect corresponding to running are rapid and the challenge is sprinkled at ..turning.. center of the body in which it contributes to stored fuel tank and muffler with built-in Cowling, etc. new. Ultimate "Haispedotsarar" ZZR-X. It is a concept model of the Kawasaki that appears after a long time. It must come to the hall of Tokyo Motor Show by all means and I must feel the challenge of Kawasaki.
concretely 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳解答
CB400 SUPER FOUR (Shebe Suparfoa and abbreviation: CB400SF) is a motorcycle of 400cc naked type that Honda Motor Co., Ltd. is putting on the market. Alias Sufoa CB400SF(NC31)
CB400SF was developed under the concept of PROJECT BIG-1. In PROJECT BIG-1, the following requirements hang.
* Adopt four strokes and four DOHC water-cooled parallel cylinder engines in
the heart.
* The style of wild sexy &.
* Possess impressed performance that enchants the mind of the running
person.
The reference is exhibited to CB1000 SUPER FOUR in the 29th Tokyo Motor Show as a model of first PROJECT BIG-1, and it is put on the market in April, 1992 afterwards in 1992.
It fought hard by sales because the style was more halfway on a practical side compared with the thing and the rival car with a little capacity of the fuel tank, and it reflected on the failure of CB-1, and CB400SF was put on the market in shape to take the style of a great car before though CB-1 was sold when HONDA till then did naked by four cylinders though CB-1 was excellent in the sports performance.
As the main change point from CB-1
* It changes from the style with a sporty feeling to the style of the old car style
of CB750F and CBX400F.
* Szasz
* It changes to a large-scale tank of the CB1100R type.
* Double disk making about reception desk brake
* The cam gear train is abolished from NC23E that is four water-cooled parallel cylinder engine that continues from CBR400R from generation to generation, the fin is added, and it installs it.
Version R appeared in the minor change, and Version S of Bikinicaulres appeared afterwards. Moreover, the model named CB400FOUR that takes the style of the CB750FOUR style based on NC31 exists, too.
Version R(version are)
Sale on March 10, 1995. Model 1 equipped with bikini caul.
Change point from STD model
* Headlight only for bikini caul &
* Silencer made of aluminum (STD is an all-in-one design of iron).
* Adoption of PGM-IG control system (electronically controlled ignition system) that synchronizes with open times of throttle and supplies the best ignition timing.
The price at the sale this time is from STD model to 100,000 yen up.
Version S(Barjon'es)
Version S removes the bikini caul from version R, and is 2 whose reception desk brake is four opposing made in NISSIN KOGYO jar caliper besides assuming a naked style.
Moreover, three where the model that the reception desk brake is equipped with four opposing made of Brembo jar caliper by the minor change exists, too.
CB400SF HYPER VTEC (NC39)
Restyling is done from NC31 on February 22, 1999, the form number becomes NC39, too and most of the body such as the body, frames, and engines has been improved.
The main change point from NC31
* HYPER VTEC that becomes the first time the first is adopted in the medium-
size car.
* It changes to the radial tire (change & swing arm change in tire strength to a size of the tire and large-scale and specification ZR cooking stoves according to it).
* Great change in exterior design
Especially, it is made the adoption of HYPER VTEC that is the changeable valve mechanism for the engine the eyeball of restyling. However, this HYPER VTEC is the one adjusting it by opening and shutting not the camshaft but the valve unlike VTEC of four wheels. When a constant rotational speed is exceeded, it comes to make it to four valves concretely, to improve fuel cost by the one that developed from the REV function provided in CBR400F before, this is named HYPER VTEC with VTEC of four wheels to differentiate though four valve valve the second grade of junior high-school has closed even a constant rotational speed.
ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ
http://www.kurocco.com/cgi-bin/mach3/
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