[生活美語] 同學有看過Bag to Earth*這種廚餘回收袋嗎?
在溫哥華第一次見到!
這些袋子完全都是用裝廚餘的可生物分解紙做的;這種由可再生材料製成的紙張為堆肥過程添加了所需的營養,因而使得有機食物的垃圾循環更具效率。透過連結可以閱讀更多有關袋子的資訊:https://www.bagtoearth.com/about
The bags are made entirely of biodegradable paper and are used to hold kitchen waste/food scraps (廚餘). This makes the organic food waste cycle more efficient as the paper, made from renewable and sustainable resources, adds needed nutrients to the composting process. You can read more about the bags here: https://www.bagtoearth.com/about
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在台灣,我們使用塑膠袋裝廚餘。而這些袋子會被回收、還是被燒?我們多少的廚餘會變成肥料或是用來餵豬?這個過程的效率如何?我們應該如何做以減少食物浪費並降低回收過程的環境成本?這些是當探討環境污染時,我們應該思考的一些問題。
In Taiwan, we use plastic bag to hold our kitchen waste. Are these bags recycled or burned? How much of our kitchen waste is turned into fertilizer or pig feed? How efficient is the process? How can we reduce food waste and lower the environmental costs of our recycling processes? Some questions to think about when discussing environmental pollution.
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Key words:
•kitchen waste/food scraps 廚餘
•biodegradable 可生物分解的
•compostable 可堆肥的
•compost 混合肥料;堆肥
•organic fertilizer 有機肥料
https://www.gardeningchannel.com/compost-vs-fertilizer-explained/
•plastic particles 塑膠顆粒
•nutrients 營養素
•the composting process 堆肥的過程
•renewable and sustainable resources 可再生及永續資源
•raw materials 原料
•eco-certification 環保認證
•contaminate 污染
•environmental sustainability 環境永續
•forest management policies 森林管理政策
•enrich garden soil 使花園的土壤更肥沃
•pig feed (n.) 豬食、餵豬吃的
•reduce garbage 減少垃圾量
•lower production costs 降低生產成本
•incinerate 焚燒、焚化
•bury in a landfill 埋在垃圾掩埋場
•the food waste problem 食物浪費問題
•food self-sufficiency 食物自給自足
•waste treatment 廢物處理
•economic incentive 經濟誘因
*Bag to Earth 這個商標可能是出於 Give back to Earth (回饋地球) 或 Return to the soil (回到土地)的概念。
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相關文章:
Bag to Earth
https://www.bagtoearth.com/about
Bag to Earth makes composting a pleasure
https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/courier-archive/living/bag-to-earth-makes-composting-a-pleasure-yes-really-3107819
In Taiwan, leftover food scraps help farmers sustain porky appetites
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/mar/23/taiwan-food-waste-pork-production-farming-recycling-environment
Taiwan’s food waste must be addressed
https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2019/12/01/2003726744
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過5,140的網紅Ghost Island Media 鬼島之音,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Nature N8 is calling out food companies that greenwash their products and limit our food options. On our last live recording at the 2020 AAAS Annual M...
「sustainability certification」的推薦目錄:
- 關於sustainability certification 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於sustainability certification 在 Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於sustainability certification 在 說說能源 Talk That Energy Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於sustainability certification 在 Ghost Island Media 鬼島之音 Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於sustainability certification 在 CarDebuts Youtube 的最佳解答
sustainability certification 在 Facebook 的精選貼文
My 5 lifestyle choices that – when adopted – can help protect and restore our oceans for our children and future generations.
💙DEMAND PLASTIC-FREE ALTERNATIVES
The oceans face a massive and growing threat from plastics. An estimated 17.6 billion pounds of plastic leaks into the marine environment yearly—that’s roughly equivalent to dumping a garbage truck full of plastic into our oceans EVERY MINUTE. And plastics never go away!
•bring your own coffee mug ☕️ for your daily fix
•bring your own utensils 🍴 and reusable straw
•only buy products in glass or plant based containers
💙REDUCE YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT
• Ride a bike, walk or use public transportation rather than driving a car.
• Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
• Put on a sweater in the winter instead of turning up your thermostat.
💙AVOID OCEAN-HARMING PRODUCTS
•Don’t support cosmetics that contain shark squalene, jewelry made of coral or sea turtle shell, souvenir shells of conchs, nautiluses and other animals, and single-use plastics like straws and water bottles that can end up in our oceans. These products support unsustainable fishing and threaten important species and ecosystems.
💙 EAT SUSTAINABLE SEAFOOD
Choose seafood that is healthy for you and the oceans from well-managed, wild fisheries. We know it’s hard to know what fish are okay to eat, which is why you can turn to these helpful resources:
• Print or download a guide from Seafood Watch to help you make sustainable choices when you buy or order seafood, and learn about eco-certification of seafood.
I bought my seafood from @mncasia ,responsible seafood. They are MSC and ASC certified which mean they promote sustainability, traceability and seasonality.
💙 LEAVE NOTHING BEHIND
As beach crowds increase, so does the amount of trash left behind or blown away. Don’t let your day outside contribute to the destruction of our oceans. Remember to leave nothing behind but your footprints -- collect and dispose of your trash.
My family and I would pick up rubbish along our hikes and spent an hour at beaches to pick up trash while enjoying our day at the beach. 🏝
💙
sustainability certification 在 說說能源 Talk That Energy Facebook 的精選貼文
【太陽能板回收能滿足循環經濟嗎?】
#矽的回收是關鍵 #現有技術的回收經濟效益不高
太陽能光電模組(PV)的生命週期約為20-30年,出乎意料的是,目前全球尚無針對壽命結束的PV元件設計完整的規劃,到了2030年,報廢的PV模組總量估計將達8百萬噸;到2050年數字可能會翻十倍(8千萬噸),屆時將佔全球電子廢棄物的一成。其中,佔PV總重八成的鋁材和玻璃易於回收,問題在剩餘二成金屬材料的回收難度很高,加上矽材的回收純度不夠,無法建立有效的循環經濟模式。
鑒於PV垃圾的指數成長危機,美國國家再生能源實驗室進行了一次全球規模的評估,試圖找出回收PV原件的最佳方案,並將研究成果以《滿足循環經濟之矽光電模組回收模式的研發重點》為題,發表在NATURE的副刊《NATURE ENERGY》上,以下是報告的論點摘要。
🔍️報告全文:https://reurl.cc/MvqvWv
▋降級回收無誘因
光電板通常在使用20-30年後,仍可維持70%到80%的效能,雖然不差,但已不符大型電力系統的標準,理論上可以對舊元件進行翻新再繼續使用,或轉換到效率需求較低的用途, 即降級回收(downcycling)。可是如同其他電子工業的回收困境,由於建置新的光電板很便宜,翻修與測試退役元件的成本超過了生產新模組的成本,因此PV的降級回收缺乏經濟誘因。
▋現有PV模組的回收概況
既然光電板的二次使用難以建立循環模式,下一個選擇就是回收。在政府推動下,回收業務在歐洲和日本等地早已建立,WEEE是歐盟關於廢棄電子設備的回收法令,在2012年就增設PV回收的類目;美國較為落後,聯邦政府目前尚無光電板回收的規範或獎勵,州政府中也只有華盛頓州要求業者需負PV廢棄物的收集與回收之責;其他國家如澳洲、南韓與印度,近年也開始制定法律。強制回收以外,也有一些業者的自發性回收,如美國太陽能工業協會(SEIA)自2016年起,已減少3600公噸的太陽能相關廢棄物進入掩埋場。
但今天全世界的PV回收系統由於缺乏整合與優化,#經濟效益與高純度材料的回收率都很低,即使在有法律強制PV處理的歐盟,專門回收的設施也很少,回收效率的公開資訊又難以取得。根據論文,歐盟和其他國家的標準做法,是透過現有的玻璃與金屬回收產線,以物理方式分離出玻璃、鋁製框架、外部銅線等所謂的散裝材料(bulk material),靠這些材料滿足WEEE規定的75%回收率的要求。但散裝材料的經濟價值不高,具最大潛在經濟效益的銀、錫、銅、鉛等金屬無法從該流程回收。
▋金屬回收的困境
細部來看,回收光電板分三個主要步驟:1⃣以機械方式拆除面板的框架與接線盒。2⃣藉熱力學或化學反應分離玻璃和矽晶圓。3⃣透過電化學方法將矽晶圓與特殊金屬(銀、錫、鉛、銅)加以分離及純化。
目前的回收困境在步驟3⃣,特殊金屬雖佔不到PV模組總質量的1%,回收過程卻極為耗能、其廢棄管理也不容易(因其化學毒性),又得支出較大的勞動力,導致回收成本十分昂貴,不過它們的經濟價值很高,且含化學毒性,廢棄物若處置不當,#在所有光電元件中對環境殺傷力最大,因此論文作者認為應該投入研發、將上述步驟的回收過程以「技術經濟分析(TEA)」以及「生命週期評估(LCA)」等前瞻性工具加以優化,盡可能使高比率的金屬能被回收。
▋矽材回收的困境
除了高價值金屬,步驟3⃣中的矽也是問題的核心:矽元素是PV模組中成本最高的物質,質量占比也僅次於散裝材料(玻璃和鋁框架),檢視太陽能板的整體耗能、碳足跡與製造成本,矽的生產過程都佔了一半的比重,#因此矽材回收在經濟與環境面上都是達成循環經濟的關鍵,能回收更多高純度的矽,使之回流PV元件的製造,就能減少原料的開採、碳足跡,並降低成本。
問題是:目前的技術無法輕易分離出高純度的矽,只能得到純度98%的冶金級矽(Metallurgical Grade),不適合重新用於電子產品、半導體工業或新的太陽能電板。學者認為,回收並純化出可重新投入PV元件等級的高純度矽材,在技術上辦得到,但不符經濟效益,因為市場上原始矽晶(virgin silicon)充裕,加上現有回收設備的能耐有限,使回收出來的矽材在短期內恐怕只能應用於某些金屬合金(metal alloys)的製造。不過,考量矽材在PV產業中的關鍵角色,作者把矽的純化列為未來的研發重心,#從使用過的PV晶圓中提煉高純度的回收矽來建立太陽能產業的循環經濟,建議投資大量R&D,但報告中也承認此過程涉及的複雜度很高。
▋避開「完整」矽晶圓的回收
另外,儘管在實驗室裡能達到整塊矽晶圓(intact silicon wafer)的回收與再利用,但在現實中要達到大規模的高純度水平,仍存在許多障礙:整塊矽晶圓電池經常破裂,加上今天的矽晶圓電池越做越薄,九零年代以前規格是400μm,今天的厚度降到只有180μm,晶圓愈薄、破裂的風險愈高,因此矽工業對整塊回收的矽晶圓不感興趣,論文作者建議不要在該領域太過著墨。#根據業界的製程趨勢調整PV回收的研發走向,是報告提供的一項建議。
▋永續的初始設計
PV模組難以回收的另一個原因,來自工程師將產品設計的重心擺在效率和耐用上,付出的代價就是不利於拆卸與回收。為了提高市場競爭力,PV系統過去的設計宗旨都在追求最低的「發電均化成本(LCOE)」,只看生產電力的成本,但現在許多工業開始拋棄線性思維,考慮產品從源頭到終點的完整生命週期、其對環境的影響,及易於回收的程度。報告建議廠商該嘗試達到「搖籃到搖籃認證(C2C certification™)」或NSF/ANSI 457(光電元件的永續領導標準)等門檻,使消費者在選購PV模組時可以辨識產品的可回收級別。歐洲生態設計指令(European ecodesign directive)是EU制定的另一種強制業者走向循環設計的法規。
透過研究發現,若從太陽能的回收現況看來,再生能源雖然被稱為綠色能源,但其優勢來自於發電時的低碳排,「綠色」與永續性(sustainability)、可回收性(recyclability)以及循環經濟(circular economy)等概念 #不能畫上等號,要建立能源產業的循環與永續,綠能仍有一段長路要走。
順便推薦最近一本書《稀有金屬戰爭》,可以拿藝fun券去買。
▋參考資料:
https://reurl.cc/KkV01n
https://reurl.cc/V6yM6N
sustainability certification 在 Ghost Island Media 鬼島之音 Youtube 的最佳解答
Nature N8 is calling out food companies that greenwash their products and limit our food options. On our last live recording at the 2020 AAAS Annual Meeting, N8 has a chat with Lydia Zepeda.
Zepeda is a Professor Emeritus of University of Wisconsin-Madison and an expert on food systems. She gives us a taste of everything food-related from food (mis)labeling to delivery services, and how we can make food choices that are healthier for both our bodies and the environment.
This episode was recorded at the AAAS annual meeting in Seattle in February, 2020.
Support us on Patreon:
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SHOW CREDIT
Emily Y. Wu (Producer / Editing)
https://twitter.com/emilyywu
Nate Maynard (Producer)
https://twitter.com/N8MAY
Yu-Chen Lai (Production Assistant)
https://twitter.com/aGuavaEmoji
Thomas Lee (Brand Design)
Ghost Island Media (Production Company)
https://twitter.com/ghostislandme
www.ghostisland.media
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sustainability certification 在 CarDebuts Youtube 的最佳解答
Sant’Agata Bolognese, 17 October 2017 – Automobili Lamborghini’s ongoing strategic investment programme, aligned with the launch of its new Super SUV the Urus, sees its production site now doubled with the creation of substantial new facilities and technologies at its factory headquarters in Sant’ Agata Bolognese, Italy.
As well as expanding the site from 80,000 to 160,000 m2, the Urus will also bring about a substantial increase in the company’s production capacity, doubling it to 7,000 units a year.
The new production facility houses a new assembly line dedicated to Urus, the new finishing department for all Lamborghini models, and a new office building with LEED Platinum certification: the highest standard in the world for energy and environmental certification in building design and construction. A new test track has also been built with thirteen different surfaces specific to SUVs, as well as a new logistics warehouse, a second trigeneration power plant, and the new energy hub for centralized production of all the energy carriers.
Ranieri Niccoli, Chief Manufacturing Officer, commented: “With our third model, we wanted to introduce the most innovative production technologies and smart factory concepts, supporting and complementing the activities of our workforce. Urus ushers in a new model of factory, which we call Manifattura Lamborghini, a new point of reference in the luxury automobile industry. The substantial resultant benefits include greater production flexibility, better information accessibility, and the interconnection of systems: strengthening the professionalism of craftsmanship that has always distinguished us and supporting the doubling of our production volumes.”
The creation of new buildings and the installation of innovative technologies involved more than 600 enterprises working on the project with a total of 3,600 external workers.
The factory expansion was completed in a record time of just 18 months, during which the company operated at full production capacity and achieved record sales in 2016 (+7% over the previous year). The project was achieved without neglecting Lamborghini’s commitment to environmental sustainability: the entire production facility in Sant’Agata Bolognese maintains the carbon neutral certification obtained in 2015.
Manifattura Lamborghini
The new Industry 4.0 assembly line, dedicated entirely to the Urus Super SUV, integrates new production technologies to support workers in assembly activities.
The super sports car maker expresses this approach as Manifattura Lamborghini, which is characterized by four basic principles:
Craftsmanship: preserving and optimizing craftsmanship with the integration of innovative technologies, increasing the potential for product customization on one hand, and guaranteeing the highest quality standards on the other.
Competencies and specialization: digitalization enables workers, via touchscreen devices, to access production information made available by easily-consulted interconnected systems.
Production process: AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles) are used as vehicle and material transport systems. Thanks to this system, the flexibility of the building layout is maintained.
Ergonomics and safety: collaborative robots assist the workers, to improve ergonomics and for repetitive operations that require high quality, such as window gluing, under-body screwing, and wheel assembly.
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