加護病房查房日誌 20150922-專科護理師篇 #高血鉀
嚴重的高血鉀(Hyperkalemia)是內科的急症,因為它會導致〝致命性〞的心室心律不整,需要立即的處理~
先複習一下生理學喲~ 還記得上次提的內容嗎? 鉀離子大多存在細胞內,僅一小部份在細胞外!(一個正常70kg 的男性,體內鉀離子總含量約為 4200 mEq ,僅有約56 mEq位於細胞外液) 因此,只要一小部份的鉀離子由細胞內移至細胞外,就會大大增加血液的鉀離子濃度。 體內會有一個Na-K ATP pump 不斷把鉀離子往細胞內丟,維持恆定喔。
因此,臨床上在面對高血鉀的個案時,治療就分成三大類~
I. 排鉀(Out):
1. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)/ Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kalimate)
使用離子交換的原理,在腸道內每一公克約可將1 mEq的鉀離子自體內移除,取代為1-2 mEq的鈉離子(Sodium polystyrene sulfonate)或鈣離子(Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate)。
如果口服太慢或是個案根本便秘......可以使用Retention enema。 通常使用劑量為 50gm Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate + 水200ml or 30 gm Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate + 水 100ml〝rentention〞 enema 30-60 minutes.
2. Dialysis treatment
使用透析治療,將鉀離子從體內移除!又能同時治療酸血症~ 有效的治療方式,緊急的時候,拜託腎臟科醫師吧~
3. 利尿劑Loop/ thiazide diuretic
將鉀離子從尿液排出,使用劑量與效果因人而異,腎功能越好使用效果越好~ 偏偏臨床上很少遇到腎功能好又高血鉀的... 所以,很少在急性期用~
II. 移轉(Shift):
所謂 Shift,就是想辦法把鉀離子趕回細胞內!
1. NaHCO3 的使用:
人體在酸中毒時,細胞內的鉀離子會移到胞外來交換氫離子。Metabolic acidosis 時 PH每下降0.1,血鉀約上昇 0.7 mEq/L;而 Respiratory acidosis 時 PH每下降0.1,血鉀約上昇 0.3 mEq/L。 在酸中毒合併高血鉀的時候,趕快矯正酸的情形吧。(所以,沒有酸中毒就不要打心酸囉)
2. Dextrose + Insulin:
Insulin 在作用時,會刺激Na-K ATP pump,而將鉀離子丟回細胞內!通常在血糖不高的個案使用劑量為25-50 gm dextrose + RI 10 units。效果在15-30 minutes 左右出現,可持續約2-6 小時。 血糖高的病人,直接打Insulin 就好囉~ 如果臨床需要,每15 minutes 可重覆使用~
3. Beta 2 angonist
Beta 2 angonist降血鉀的作用與 Insulin相同,會刺激Na-K ATP pump將鉀離子丟回細胞內~ 可以試著 Nebulized inhalation 看看,效果在15 minutes 左右出現,可持續約1-6 小時。真的在臨床使用,除了伴隨著的Tachycardia之外,效果....別太期待.....
III. 穩定 (Stable)
在高血鉀時,我們很常使用Ca++藥物注射,像是Ca. Gluconate or Calcium Chloride. 這類藥物的使用跟鉀離子的排除或轉移〝完全〞沒有關係!! 使用鈣離子藥物可以提高心肌的動作電位,來避免〝致命性〞的心律不整發生!作用時間約為30-60 minutes。 意思是,別以為打了就沒事,在這30-60 分鐘內,趕快做其他處置把血鉀降下來吧!
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
「stable tachycardia」的推薦目錄:
- 關於stable tachycardia 在 加護病房查房日誌 Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於stable tachycardia 在 臨床筆記 Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於stable tachycardia 在 臨床筆記 Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於stable tachycardia 在 コバにゃんチャンネル Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於stable tachycardia 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於stable tachycardia 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於stable tachycardia 在 Stable and Unstable Tachycardia in ACLS (2019) - YouTube 的評價
- 關於stable tachycardia 在 Rodney Lee ACLS Stable Tachycardia - Home | Facebook 的評價
stable tachycardia 在 臨床筆記 Facebook 的最佳貼文
ECG 診斷:
Atrial flutter with 2:1 and 3:1 block
Circulation ECG Challenge Response! Regarding the 56 year old woman with AF and palpitations:
Diagnosis: atrial flutter with 2:1 and 3:1 AV block
There is a regular rhythm at a rate of 130 bpm. There are several longer RR intervals (↔). The QRS complex duration is normal (0.08 sec) and the morphology is normal. The axis is normal between 0° and +90° (positive QRS complex in leads I and aVF). The QT/QTc intervals are normal (280/410 msec). There are P waves seen, primarily in lead V1 (+) and there is a short RP (┌┐) and long PR (└┘) interval. Etiologies for a short RP interval include:
1. sinus tachycardia
2. atrial tachycardia
3. ectopic junctional tachycardia
4. atrial flutter with 2:1 AV conduction
5. typical atrioventricular nodal repentant tachycardia (unusual variant termed slow-slow)
6. atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia
During the longer RR intervals (↔) two sequential P waves can be seen (+, ^). They have a stable PP interval at a rate of 260 bpm. The only atrial arrhythmia that has a regular rate ≥260 bpm is atrial flutter. Therefore there is 2:1 and 3:1 AV block.
stable tachycardia 在 臨床筆記 Facebook 的最佳貼文
ECG Diagnosis: Atrial tachycardia
Circulation ECG Challenge Response! Regarding the 25 year old woman with palpitations:
Diagnosis: Atrial tachycardia
The rhythm is regular, except for one long RR interval. The initial rate is 140 bpm and is followed by several complexes at a rate of 100 bpm. The QRS complex has a normal duration (0.08 sec) and morphology. The axis is normal between 0° and +90° (positive QRS complex in lead I and aVF). The QT/QTc intervals are normal (320/430 msec). There are no P waves before the first 10 QRS complexes and last 6 QRS complexes; there however P waves (+) noted after each of these QRS complexes with a long RP interval (└┘) and short PR interval (┌┐). The P waves are negative in leads II and aVF. This is a long RP tachycardia, There is a P wave before each of the next 4 QRS complexes (i.e. complexes 11-14) (*) with a stable PR interval (0.16 sec). This is a normal sinus rhythm. The etiologies for a long RP tachycardia include a sinus tachycardia (no the cause as the P waves are negative in leads II and aVF), an ectopic junctional tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter with 2:1 AV block or conduction, atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (i.e. fast-slow), or an atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. The arrhythmia terminates abruptly without a P wave (↑). This is the way atrial arrhythmias terminate. Therefore this is most likely atrial tachycardia. As there is only one P wave seen this is not atrial flutter. The P wave is different from the sinus P wave and is negative in leads II and aVF) and this is not sinus tachycardia. Arrhythmias generated within or require the AV node terminate with a non conducted P wave.
stable tachycardia 在 コバにゃんチャンネル Youtube 的最佳解答
stable tachycardia 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳解答
stable tachycardia 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳解答
stable tachycardia 在 Rodney Lee ACLS Stable Tachycardia - Home | Facebook 的必吃
Rodney Lee ACLS Stable Tachycardia. 19 likes. How to save Rodney Lee ACLS stable tachycardia guided video. Learn how to save Rodney Lee ACLS. ... <看更多>
stable tachycardia 在 Stable and Unstable Tachycardia in ACLS (2019) - YouTube 的必吃
LiveWithLauren: Today we are learning about Stable and Unstable Tachycardia in ACLS. Watch these quick tips and be better prepared to save ... ... <看更多>