【醫師、教練為什麼要學肌動學?】
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以下這些名詞,可以稍微檢測自己對肌動學的了解:
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「arthrokinematics, osteokinematics, kinematics, joint movement (slide/roll/spin), creep, antagonist, length-tension curve, lumbopelvic rhythm…. 」(文章的最後還有更多名詞)
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「醫師的養成教育裡面沒有『肌動學』,但我認為對有在處理肌肉骨骼系統、運動傷害等的科別,包括復健科、骨科等,如果能對肌動學有基礎的概念,那個醫師會變超強」
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「教練們常說受傷要找物理治療師,可能是我們對於『動作分析』及『運動治療』的擅長,而這兩種能力最大的貢獻莫過於肌動學」
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最近剛跟幾位朋友,進行完肌動學的讀書會,讀的是物理治療系在肌動學課程的指定參考書。其中兩位朋友,分別是疼痛科跟復健科醫師,都很認同肌動學的重要性,我也認為肌動學對「肌肉骨骼系統、運動傷害、運動訓練」等領域的專家是不可或缺的,所以寫了這篇文章給大家參考。
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🔸 什麼是肌動學?
肌動學(Kinesiology),簡單來說,是「人體動作的知識(the study of human movement)』。更詳細的說法是「探討肌肉骨骼系統的結構及功能,以及肌肉骨骼系統在生物力學如何應用」的學問。
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物理治療師,普遍是在沒有影像學檢查或動刀下,就要直接分析病人的問題、可能的診斷。因此,「所有的骨頭跟肌肉的位置、每個肌肉會產生什麼動作、關節是如何移動、會影響到什麼軟組織、由哪個神經所支配、會與其他肌肉怎麼合作等」,都是必須從肌動學,習得的知識。
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🔸 物理治療師的腦袋在想什麼?
肌動學就是讓我們腦中有一個畫面,想像「病人受傷時,身體裡面的肌肉骨骼系統發生了什麼事情。」
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心裡想的可能是:
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「他深蹲時髖關節會痛,可能是femoral head 做的inferior glide limited,而abnormal arthrokinematics來自iliopsoas的spasm,spasm/guarding可能是在lumbopelvic stability不足所導致」。
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最後,這個深蹲時,髖關節會痛的病人是需要做腰椎穩定的訓練。
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也可能是:
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「他深蹲時髖關節會痛,是因為adductors longus 需要很大的 eccentric control,而eccentric contraction產生的張力又大於concentric時,因此在下降時會痛,上升的過程不會痛,而adductors 的 tendon反覆拉扯造成pubic symphysis的irritation」
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同樣都是深蹲時髖關節會痛,這個病人則可能需要先由醫師做些消炎、止痛的處置,再配合其他離心訓練。
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🔸 學肌動學對不同角色的好處?
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✔ 對於醫療人員來說(治療運動傷害、肌肉骨骼疾病的),可以了解:
*同樣是髕骨肌腱炎,為什麼復健訓練的動作不同?
*怎麼透過伸展、關節鬆動術,來牽動五十肩沾黏的位置?
*健康跟受傷狀態下,肌肉的使用上會產生什麼改變?
*棘上肌肌腱在什麼情況下受力最大?
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舉例來說,骨科醫師針對十字韌帶斷裂,可能會進行手術來重建韌帶,但十字韌帶之所以受傷可能來自關節穩定性不足、肌力等,要分析或找出受傷的原因,肌動學就是那個橋樑。
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「注射、手術、藥物等,大多是在處理受傷造成的結果,但要找到受傷的原因,必須從動作的分析、了解身體怎麼產生動作、軟組織跟骨頭是怎麼交互作用等」
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✔ 對於教練、訓練師來說:
*肌肉擺在什麼長度下力量最大?
*髕骨在膝蓋彎曲多少度,接觸面積最小?
*訓練臀中肌的蚌殼訓練,為什麼讓髖擺在45度的位置?
*健康跟受傷狀態下,肌肉的使用上會產生什麼改變?
*針對不同運動項目,怎樣的訓練可以讓身體發揮最大的效率?
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🔸 重點整理:
*醫療上,肌動學是分析跟評估「肌肉骨骼疾病」、「運動傷害」很重要的武器
*訓練上,肌動學是能了解各個動作的優缺點、特性、哪些能做、哪些效果好
*專業之間的差異,就是對各個領域或科目,鑽研的深度不同,例如,物理治療師的肌動學、醫師的病理學、藥師的藥理學、教練的訓練法
*開始唸肌動學吧!
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下面的專有名詞,可以測試一下對肌動學暸解的程度:
arthrokinematics、osteokinematics、concave-convex rule、scapulohumeral rhythm、kinematics、kinetics、joint movement (slide、roll、spin)、creep、viscoelasticity、agonist、antagonist、synergist、stabilizer、mover、length-tension curve、active insufficiency、passive insufficiency、lumbopelvic rhythm、concentric、eccentric、isometric、isokinetic、isotonic、sliding filament theory、golgi-tendon organ、muscle spindle、recruitment、force-couple等
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其他文章:https://jackchen.sport.blog/
其他圖片:https://www.instagram.com/chenhc82/
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#肌動學 #運動 #動作 #運動傷害 #運動員 #動作分析 #物理治療師 #教練 #醫師 #肌力與體能訓練師 #陳曉謙 #kinesiology #physicaltherapist #coach #exercise #sportsinjury #training #movement #doctor #athlete #motionanaylsis #CSCS
同時也有16部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過29萬的網紅jaysbabyfood,也在其Youtube影片中提到,#jaysbabyfood #storytime #lgbtinkorea ----------------------------------------- - References - - Ahn, P. (2009). Harisu: South Korean cosmetic media ...
human organ 在 李木生醫師 Facebook 的最佳貼文
目前新冠肺炎疫苗在全球的施打已經超過一億劑,我們期待新冠肺炎病毒感染的速率持續的緩和,能讓世界各地的生活盡快恢復正常,然而國外也陸續傳來施打疫苗後產生不良反應的案例,針對接種疫苗的利弊風險,各國的政府和專案也開始有許多討論。
在台灣,AZ疫苗已經開打幾週了,在這段期間有很多病人問我能不能去接種AZ 疫苗,我想從一位婦產科醫師的角度出發,跟大家分享自己的觀點,讓大家在跟醫師們討論需不需要接種時,能先有初步的觀念。
AZ疫苗可能造成的不良反應
目前國際上接種AZ 疫苗後出現嚴重不良反應的案例有兩種最受矚目:一種是嚴重的過敏反應;另外一種則是凝血過多或不足的反應。
這兩種不良反應的發生率都小於10萬分之一,很難在疫苗臨床試驗階段被發掘出來,因此只能在疫苗流通到市場後,依靠健全的通報系統蒐集更完整的數據,才有機會分析疫苗與不良反應之間的關聯。
以嚴重過敏反應來說,任何疫苗都可能因為載體的關係產生嚴重的過敏反應,所以病人在施打疫苗過後的30分鐘內,一定要留在施打的醫療院所接受觀察。AZ疫苗中使用的為Polysorbate80 或類似的分子,如果你之前曾經因為接種疫苗而有過敏反應,應該要在接種前詢問醫師AZ疫苗的載體與該次引起過敏的疫苗載體是否相同,以利避免風險。
另外一種不良反應與與血液相關,這一點比較受爭議。在2500多萬個施打的個案中,出現86 個血液異常的不良反應,大部份的這些個案都是女性而且發生在施打的頭2個禮拜。德國、法國和義大利等20幾個國家因此一度暫停施打AZ疫苗,雖然機率不大,但誰都不想冒這個險。但有些歐洲國家和澳洲最近又恢復施打,但建議50歲以下接種其他疫苗 (也有國家說30歲以下) 原因是不同專家對於這些異常凝血的不良反應與AZ疫苗的相關性有不同的見解。
婦女接種AZ疫苗前宜停看聽
對於目前正在服用避孕藥或女性荷爾蒙的女性來說,施打AZ疫苗會不會增加血栓的風險呢? 坦白說,目前資訊還不是非常完整,所以我暫時無法評論,但後續會密切注意最新的研究報告,有進一步消息,會再跟大家分享。
對於目前正在備孕,或是即將成為準媽媽的女性來說,更是需要持續追蹤這款疫苗的不良反應,因為如果病患在懷孕期間不幸感染新冠肺炎,因此發生嚴重呼吸道疾病的機率高達未孕女性的3倍,而且因為媽媽發燒或肺炎病毒造成胎兒發育不良的機率也大幅增高。相對的,在AZ臨床試驗中施打疫苗後發現懷孕的女性約有一萬人,正接受持續的密切追蹤,截至目前為止尚無證據顯示AZ疫苗會對母親或胎兒健康造成嚴重影響。這些案例和研究資訊告訴我們,女性朋友們在施打這個疫苗前更需要審慎的個別的情況,才能跟醫師有充份的溝通和討論。
誰該接種AZ疫苗?誰需要小心?
那麼在實務上究竟應不應該建議接種AZ疫苗呢?我認為決定的因素有幾個:
病人接觸新冠肺炎的風險
台灣目前沒有社區感染,感染病毒的機會並不高,只是境外移入仍存在風險,短期來說,若是爆發社區感染才開始接種疫苗,也需要等三個禮拜以上才能形成有效地保護力。而長遠來說,國人還是需要接種疫苗達到一定比率才能安全的開放國門。若是因為工作需要出國的朋友,就應該依目的地的盛行率做決定,像是在歐美地區,接種疫苗的好處明顯的大於壞處;而像我一樣的醫護人員,在工作上比較有可能接觸到病毒帶原者,感染的風險也會較高,也應該考慮接種疫苗,增加保護力。
病人是否罹患慢性病
研究顯示有高血壓、糖尿病或BMI >30的病患在感染新冠肺炎病毒後,更容易而產生嚴重的呼吸道疾病,因為健康上的風險高,上述慢性病的病患也可以考慮接種疫苗。若有上述問題但懷孕的婦女,則應與婦產科醫師討論其利弊。
備孕或懷孕中的婦女
接種AZ疫苗後,有超過半數的人反應接種處疼痛、倦怠或頭痛的問題,而且大約有1成的人會發燒,雖然這些不良反應都是暫時的,很快就會消失,若希望盡可能避免懷孕初期發燒的情況,計劃懷孕或孕期中的女性可以考慮懷孕初期避開接種疫苗。有些證據顯示若接種第一劑後懷孕,在生產後才接種第二劑也能提供相同的保護,不需再重打第一劑。若孕期間接種其他疫苗如百日咳與流感疫苗則與AZ疫苗的施打需考慮間隔約兩個禮拜。
接種AZ疫苗有利有弊,除了關切衛福部及相關專家提出的建議,我們也可以就自己目前的狀態先想一想,在做決定前停看聽,如果有其他的問題,千萬別忘了跟你的醫師作討論喔!
The global “COVID-vaccinated” population has reached 100 million. In the process of reaching herd immunity via mass vaccination, more rare but serious adverse effects from these vaccines are being reported in the mass media. Discussions about the safety of vaccines arevigorous at both government and the community levels.
The AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine has been used for COVID vaccination in Taiwan for a few weeks now. Many of my patients asked me if they are suitable for vaccination. So here I would like to share my thoughts with you as an obstetrician and gynaecologist.
Adverse reactions associated with the AZ vaccine
There are two types of adverse reactions being discussed the most in the international community: severe allergic reactions and blood-clotting problems. Both of these adverse reactions occur in the order of one in ten thousand, which were difficult to discover during the clinical trial stage. Therefore most of the data we see now are an accumulation of real-time data as we proceed with global vaccination.
The severe allergic reaction (such as anaphylaxis) can occur with any medication being administered to the human body. For vaccines it is usually the vehicle or the excipients molecule with which it is used to carry the active vaccine that incites the allergic reactions. Polysorbate 80 is a suspected culprit excipient used in the AZ vaccine. So if one has had severe allergic reaction in other vaccines that uses polysorbate 80 as its vehicles then it is possible the person can also be allergic to the AZ vaccine.
The abnormal blood-clotting reactions associated with the AZ vaccines are being discussed vigorously in both the scientific community and the media. In about 25 million recipients of the AZ vaccine, 86 cases of serious abnormal blood-clotting cases were reported by March 2021. Most cases occur within first 2 weeks of vaccination and most are women. Although the AZ vaccination was temporarily stopped in some European countries earlier in March, it has resumed since with some countries recommend vaccination in those 50 yo or above (some say 30 or above). Currently there is no international consensus amongst the experts.
Many professional bodies of obstetrics and gynaecology around the world have issued statements regarding vaccination against COVID19 in women planning pregnancy or breast feeding. Thus far most have only cautioned against the vaccination if there is serious concurrent comorbidities such as those who are immunocompromised or organ transplant. There does not seem to have report of additional risks of the vaccination during pregnancy. There is insufficient evidence to conclude if oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy are risk factors for developing vaccine-related blood clotting events. More time and data are required to tell.
So should women receive the AZ vaccine? These factors should be considered and discussed with your doctors.
Risk of contracting COVID
Contracting COVID during pregnancy is associated with 3-fold risk of serious complications. So immunisation against COVID should be prioritised if the area you live in carries high risk of infection.
Underlying chronic conditions
For those with hypertension, diabetes or high BMI, because higher risk of COVID related complications are expected, vaccination might offer risk-reducing benefits. but in women with diabetes or high BMI where high risk pregnancy is expected, one should discuss the risks and benefits with your own obstetrician.
Pregnancy
More than half of recipients will get injection site pain and about 10% will develop a fever. To avoid fever during early pregnancy one can avoid getting vaccination during this period. If one has become pregnant after the first dose, there is evidence that receiving a second dose after pregnancy still offers protection against COVID. for those who need flu or whooping cough vaccination during pregnancy, one should consider taking the COVID vaccine 2 weeks apart from the other vaccines.
Like all medicines/procedures, decision to receive the AZ vaccination is individualised based on the benefits and risks associated. It is important to review government updates on vaccination and this article hopefully provides some framework on which women can consult their physicians when considering the AZ vaccination.
human organ 在 GIGAZINE Facebook 的最佳解答
人体から新たな「臓器」が見つかる(2017)
https://gigazine.net/news/20170104-brand-new-human-organ/
human organ 在 jaysbabyfood Youtube 的精選貼文
#jaysbabyfood #storytime #lgbtinkorea
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- References -
- Ahn, P. (2009). Harisu: South Korean cosmetic media and the paradox of transgendered neoliberal embodiment. Discourse, 31(3), 248-272.
- Arora, S., Singhai, M., & Patel, R. (2011). Gender & Education determinants of individualism — Collectivism: A study of future managers. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(2), 321-328.
- Berry, C. (2001). Asian values, family values: Film video, and lesbian and gay identities. In Sullivan, G., & Jackson P. (Ed.), Gay and lesbian Asia: Culture, identity, community. (pp. 211-232). Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press.
- Bong, Y. D. (2008). The gay rights movement in democratizing Korea. Korean Studies, 32(1), 86-103.
- Cho, J. P. (2009). The wedding banquet revisited: "Contract marriages" between Korean gays and lesbians. Anthropological Quarterly, 82(2), 401-422.
- Choi, J. S. (2014). Korean culture orientation: Daily-life and religious culture volume. Sonamoo Publishing.
- Jang, H. S. (n.d.). Resource center of young women service review (늘푸른 사업 리뷰). Retrieved from http://www.seoul.go.kr/info/organ/center/1318_new/info/review/1253299_13874.html
- Kim, H. Y., & Cho, J. P. (2011). The Korean gay and lesbian movement 1993-2008: from "identity" and "community" to "human rights". South Korean Social Movements: From Democracy to Civil Society, 206-223.
- Kim, Y., & Hahn, S. (2006). Homosexuality in ancient and modern Korea. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8(1), 59-65.
- Kwak. L. G. (2012, April 25). Who murdered a 19-year old LGBT teen (누가 열아홉살 동성애자를 죽였나). Oh My News. Retrieved from http://www.ohmynews.com/nws_web/view/at_pg.aspx? CNTN_CD=A0001724998
- Lee, J. E. (2006). Beyond pain and protection: Politics of identity and iban girls in Korea. In Khor, D., & Kamano, S. (Ed.), Lesbians in east Asia: Diversity, identities, and resistance. (pp. 49-67). Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press.
- Novak, K. (2015). The problem with being gay in South Korea. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/18/asia/south-korea-being-gay/
- Park, H., Blenkinsopp, J., Oktem, M., & Omurgonulsen, U. (2008). Cultural orientation and attitudes toward different forms of whistleblowing: A comparison of South Korea, Turkey, and the U.K. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 929-939.
- Seo, D. J. (2001). Mapping the vicissitudes of homosexual identities in South Korea. Journal of Homosexuality, 40, 65-79.
- Song, J. (2014). Living on your own: Single women, rental housing, and post-revolutionary affect in contemporary South Korea. SUNY Press.
- Do Koreans Support LGBTQ+? (Ft. Seoul Queer Parade) | ASIAN BOSS https://youtu.be/p_vsIEs72p8
- Koreans React To K-pop Singer Coming Out As Bisexual [Street Interview] | ASIAN BOSS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKL9VrqLJZE
- Is South Korea's LGBT+ community being scapegoated for COVID-19 spread? https://www.dw.com/en/is-south-koreas-lgbt-community-being-scapegoated-for-covid-19-spread/a-53423958
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human organ 在 MinuteVideos Thailand Youtube 的最佳解答
เผยวิธีการดูแลจมูกแบบเห็นผลสุด ๆ !!!พูดถึงเคล็ดลับการดูแลส่วนต่าง ๆ ของร่างกายกันไปพอสมควรแล้ว วันนี้มาคุยกันถึงเรื่อง “จมูก” บ้างดีกว่า
ซึ่งจมูกนี้ก็เป็นอวัยวะที่สำคัญสุด ๆ เพราะนอกจากจะช่วยรับกลิ่นต่าง ๆ แล้ว ยังเป็นทางผ่านของอากาศที่ใช้สำหรับหายใจอีก ซึ่งจมูกจะทำหน้าที่ปรับอุณหภูมิของอากาศก่อนเข้าสู่ปอด เช่น สมมติอากาศข้างนอกเย็น จมูกก็จะปรับอุณหภูมิให้อุ่นขึ้นก่อนรับเข้าสู่ร่างกาย ถ้าไม่มีจมูกนี่ไม่อยากจะคิดเลยว่าพวกเราจะต้องลำบากกันขนาดไหน...
เพราะฉะนั้นเพื่อเป็นการตอบแทนในการทำหน้าที่อย่างดีของ “จมูก” มาโดยตลอด เรามาช่วยกันดูแลรักษาจมูกของเราให้มีสุขภาพดี ปลอดภัยจากอันตราย และพร้อมใช้งานไปได้อีกนาน ๆ กันดีกว่า
1. หลีกเลี่ยงฝุ่นละออง
ปัญหาใหญ่ของโรคที่เกิดจากโพรงจมูกส่วนมากจะมีสาเหตุมาจากฝุ่นละอองเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ พวกนี้ทั้งนั้นแหละ ซึ่งเจ้าฝุ่นละอองนี้เป็นศัตรูตัวฉกาจของจมูกเราเลย ดังนั้นพยายามอย่าอยู่ใกล้ และออกห่างไปให้ไกลที่สุดจะดีกว่า
2. หันหลังให้กลิ่นฉุน
การที่จมูกเราได้รับกลิ่นฉุน ๆ อย่างเช่นพวกน้ำหอม เทียนหอม หรือแม้แต่กลิ่นเหม็น ๆ อย่างอะไรเน่า จะทำให้ประสาทการรับกลิ่นของเราเสื่อมลง ถึงแม้จมูกจะสามารถปรับตัวให้ชินกับกลิ่นพวกนั้นได้ แต่ก็ไม่ได้หมายความว่ามันจะไม่เป็นอะไรซะหน่อย
Scene 6
3. หยุดแคะจมูก
คนบางคนนี่เสพติการแคะจมูกมาก ว่างเป็นไม่ได้ต้องเอานิ้วขึ้นมาแคะ เอาดินสอขึ้นมาแหย่ หาอะไรมากระทุ้งจมูกตลอดเวลา ซึ่งพฤติกรรมนี้เราต้องหยุดมันทันทีเลย เพราะมันจะทำให้จมูกอักเสบและเป็นอันตรายได้
Scene 7
4. ถอนขนจมูกใช่ว่าจะดี
ผู้ชายหล่อ ๆ บางคนก็สามารถหมดหล่อได้ในทันทีถ้ามีขนจมูกโผล่ล้ำออกมา นี่จึงเป็นสาเหตุที่ทำให้ใครหลาย ๆ คนชอบดึง ชอบตัดขนจมูก ซึ่งจริง ๆ แล้วมันไม่ใช่สิ่งที่ดีเลยนะ เพราะขนจมูกมันมีประโยชน์สามารถกรองฝุ่นละออง ดักจับเชื้อโรค และสิ่งแปลกปลอมอื่น ๆ ไม่ให้เข้าสู่ปอดได้ เพราะฉะนั้นแค่เล็ม ๆ ออกให้มันไม่โผล่มาก็พอแล้ว
5. อย่าดมอะไรใกล้ๆ
ของบางอย่างที่มีกลิ่นแรง หรือกลิ่นฉุน เช่น พวกสารเคมี เป็นอะไรที่ไม่ควรดมใกล้ ๆ อย่างยิ่งเลย เพราะอาจทำให้เป็นอันตรายต่อจมูกของเราได้ ดังนั้นถ้าต้องการดมกลิ่นจริง ๆ ให้เอาจมูกออกห่างจากสิ่งนั้นแล้วใช้มือพัดให้กลิ่นอ่อน ๆ ลอยเข้ามาหาจมูกเราเองดีกว่า
6. ห้ามบีบจมูกเวลาจาม
เนื่องจากหู ตา คอ จมูก ทุกอย่างเป็นอวัยวะที่สามารถเชื่อมตรงถึงกันได้หมด ดังนั้นอย่าบีบจมูกเวลาจามโดยเด็ดขาดเลยนะ เพราะอาจทำให้เชื้อโรคที่จะออกมาถูกตีกลับเข้าไปข้างใน และทำให้ส่วนอื่น ๆ ในร่างกายเกิดอันตรายขึ้นแทนได้ แถมเสี่ยงต่อการติดเชื้ออีกต่างหาก

human organ 在 serpentza Youtube 的最佳貼文
Is Religion banned? Will you get your organs harvested for practicing your faith in China? Will you be oppressed and suppressed? Will you be arrested? Are there Churches in China?
The Taiping Rebellion was influenced to some degree by Christian teachings, and the Boxer Rebellion was in part a reaction against Christianity in China. Christians in China established the first modern clinics and hospitals, and provided the first modern training for nurses. Both Roman Catholics and Protestants founded numerous educational institutions in China from the primary to the university level. Some of the most prominent Chinese universities began as religious-founded institutions. Missionaries worked to abolish practices such as foot binding, and the unjust treatment of maidservants, as well as launching charitable work and distributing food to the poor. They also opposed the opium trade and brought treatment to many who were addicted. Some of the early leaders of the Chinese Republic, such as Sun Yat-sen were converts to Christianity and were influenced by its teachings. By 1921, Harbin, Manchuria's largest city, had a Russian population of around 100,000, constituting a large part of Christianity in the city.
Christianity, especially in its Protestant form, gained momentum in China between the 1980s and the 1990s, but in the following years, folk religion recovered more rapidly and in greater numbers than Christianity (or Buddhism). One scholar noted that "the Christian God then becomes one in a pantheon of local gods among whom the rural population divides its loyalties".
Protestants in the early twenty-first century, including both official and unofficial churches, had between 25 and 35 million adherents. Catholics were not more than 10 million. Other demographic analyses found that an average 2–4% of the population of China claims a Christian affiliation. Christians were unevenly distributed geographically. The only provinces in which they constituted a population significantly larger than 1 million persons are Henan, Anhui and Zhejiang. Protestants are characterised by a prevalence of people living in the countryside, women, illiterates and semi-literates, and elderly people.
A significant number of members of churches unregistered with the government, and of their pastors, belong to the Koreans of China.[334] Christianity has a strong presence in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, in Jilin. The Christianity of Yanbian Koreans has a patriarchal character; Korean churches are usually led by men, in contrast to Chinese churches which more often have female leadership. For instance, of the 28 registered churches of Yanji, only three of which are Chinese congregations, all the Korean churches have a male pastor while all the Chinese churches have a female pastor. Also, Korean church buildings are stylistically very similar to South Korean churches, with big spires surmounted by large red crosses. Yanbian Korean churches have been a matter of controversy for the Chinese government because of their links to South Korean churches.
In recent decades the Communist Party of China has become more tolerant of Christian churches outside party control, despite looking with distrust on organizations with international ties. The government and Chinese intellectuals tend to associate Christianity with subversive Western values, and many churches have been closed or destroyed. Since the 2010s policies against Christianity have been extended also to Hong Kong.
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