關於 麥門冬湯 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

吳（氏）郁損。咳血頻發。當交節氣逆。嘔吐肢冷厥逆。所現俱是虛勞末路。豈是佳景。勉擬方。

生白芍　烏梅　炙草　炒麥冬　茯神　橘紅

張（氏）失血。口碎舌泡。乃情懷鬱勃內因。營衛不和。寒熱再熾。病郁延久為勞。所喜經水尚至。議手厥陰血分主治。

犀角　金銀花　鮮生地　玄參　連翹心　鬱金

失血一症。名目不一。茲就上行而吐者言之。三因之來路宜詳也。若夫外因起見。陽邪為多。蓋犯是症者。陰分先虛。易受天之風熱燥火也。至陰邪為患。不過其中之一二耳。其治法總以手三陰為要領。究其病在心營肺衛如何。若夫內因起見。不出乎嗔怒鬱勃之激傷肝臟。勞形苦志而耗損心脾。及恣情縱欲以賊腎臟之真陰真陽也。又當以足三陰為要領。再審其乘侮制化如何。若夫不內不外因者。為飲食之偏好。努力及墜墮之傷。治分臟腑經絡之異。

要知外因而起者。必有感候為先。里因而起者。必有內症可據。此三因根蒂用藥。切勿混亂。

大凡理肺衛者。用甘涼肅降。如沙參、麥冬、桑葉、花粉、玉竹、川斛等類。治心營者。以輕清滋養。如生地、玄參、丹參、連翹、竹葉、骨皮等類。以此兩法為宗。隨其時令而加減。若風淫津涸。加以甘寒。如蘆根、蔗汁、薄荷、羚羊之品。若溫淫火壯。參入苦寒。如山梔、黃芩、杏仁、石膏之品。若暑逼氣分。佐滑石、鮮荷之開解。在營與銀花犀角之清芳。秋令選純甘以清燥。冬時益清補以助藏。凡此為外因之大略。所云陰邪為患者。難以並言也。舊有麻黃人參芍藥湯。先生有桂枝加減法。

至於內因傷損。其法更繁。若嗔怒而動及肝陽。血隨氣逆者。用繆氏氣為血帥法。如蘇子、鬱金、桑葉、丹皮、降香、川貝之類也。若鬱勃日久而傷及肝陰。木火內燃陽絡者。用柔肝育陰法。如阿膠、雞黃、生地、麥冬、白芍、甘草之類也。若勞煩不息。而偏損心脾。氣不攝血者。用甘溫培固法。如保元湯、歸脾湯之類也。若縱欲而竭其腎真。或陽亢陰勝。或陰傷陽越者。有從陰從陽法。如青鉛六味。肉桂七味。並加童便之類也。若精竭海空。氣泛血湧者。先生用急固真元。大補精血法。如人參、枸杞、五味、熟地、河車、紫石英之類也。凡此為內因之大略。

至於不內不外因。亦非一種。如案中所謂煙辛泄肺。酒熱戕胃之類。皆能助火動血。有治上治中之法。如葦莖湯。甘露飲。茅根藕汁等劑。在人認定而用之可也。墜墮之傷。由血瘀而泛。大抵先宜導下。後宜通補。若努力為患。屬勞傷之根。陽動則絡松血溢。法與虛損有間。滋陰補氣。最忌凝澀。如當歸建中湯。旋覆花湯。虎潛丸。金剛四斤丸。取其有循經入絡之能也。凡此為不內外因之大略。

但血之主司者。如心肝脾三臟。血之所生化者。莫如陽明胃腑。可見胃為血症之要道。若胃有不和。當先治胃也。仁齋直指云。一切血症。經久不愈。每每以胃藥收功。想大黃黃連瀉心湯。犀角地黃湯。理中湯。異功散。雖補瀉寒溫不同。確不離此旨。所以先生髮明治胃方法獨多。有薄味調養胃陰者。如金匱麥冬湯。及沙參、扁豆、茯神、石斛之類。有甘溫建立中陽者。如人參建中湯。及四君子加減之類。有滋陰而不礙胃。甘守津還者。如復脈湯加減之類。其餘如補土生金法。鎮肝益胃法。補脾疏胃法。寧神理胃法。腎胃相關法。無分症之前後。一遇胃不加餐。不飢難運諸候。每從此義見長。源源生化不息。何患乎病之不易醫也。（邵新甫）

徐評　此老治血症。其議論大端不信於古。而用藥全然不知。此等醫案。貽誤後人。不可紀極。無容不辯。其大犯在用麥冬、五味、玉竹、沙參。夫麥冬乃補肺之重劑。肺氣虛極。氣不能續。則用之以補肺氣。然仲景往往與半夏同用。如麥門冬湯、竹葉石膏是也。蓋防其窒膩耳。若吐血咳嗽。乃肺家痰火盤踞之病。豈宜峻補。從此無愈日矣。至五味之酸。一味收斂。仲景用之以治上氣咳逆肺脈不合之症。然必與乾薑同用。以辛散寒邪。從無獨用者。今吐血之嗽。火邪入肺。痰凝血湧。惟恐其不散不降。乃反欲其痰火收住肺中。不放一毫出路。是何法也。其沙參玉竹之補肺。大略相近。嗚呼。此又不明後世永無吐血不死之人矣。舉世盡然。今為尤甚。傷哉。

古時虛勞與吐血。確是二病。虛勞是虛寒症。以溫補為主。吐血之症不一。大概屬陰虛火旺者為多。此老頗得言之鑿鑿。但有時仍以建中湯為治。則又誤以仲景虛勞治法。混入吐血門中。終是胸無定見也。五十年吐血者極少。諸前輩無不以服補肺藥為戒。所以死者絕少。目今吐血者十人而五。不服藥者無不生。服麥冬五味者無不死。此雖時令使然。而藥誤亦不少也。可不畏哉。醫案亦多重複可刪。大半十同八九。令閱者厭煩。編書無識可笑。

#臨證指南醫案 入絡3

學生跟診心得 – 王建成

學生：王建成

冥冥安排，在新冠肺炎疫情爆發、武漢封城的前夕，我來到了美麗的矽谷、心中的桃花島 – 陽氣診所（老師注：桃花島是倪老師以前用來形容他在Merritt Island的診所），追隨倪師傳人，直擊經方的勇猛與深邃。

對症下藥，同症同治。

新冠肺炎肆虐東方，而在大洋彼岸，流感也正在席捲全美。美國疾病控制與預防中心CDC的資料顯示，2019年9月份以來，流感病人已超過2600萬人，死亡1.4萬人。還記得一個混血女孩，週末滑雪回家的第二天，就出現了強烈的咳嗽、低燒症狀。就診期間，女孩多次乾咳，咳的很深；粘稠黃鼻涕，伴有鼻塞；平躺時，咳嗽會加重。 脈浮，舌微白，無苔。短短三天時間，病邪已由表入裡、由寒化熱， 從太陽中風快速發展到射干麻黃湯症。同時，還伴有肺痿的跡象。可見這次流感病勢之兇險，真為小姑娘捏一把汗。據老師的臨床觀察，近幾年美國流感有逐年加劇的勢頭，病程發展越來越快，留給醫師處方的視窗很短。因此，在治療時，務必做到辨證準確。此次流感的主症是強烈的咳嗽，多為寒濕、飲症、寒化熱、肺痿等。咳症因變症多，自古以來，被醫家認為難治。老師辨證論治，多以葛根湯、小青龍湯、 射干麻黃湯、葶藶大棗泄肺湯、麥門冬湯為基礎方或複方加減，療效顯著。從患者複診情況看，無一不中。

在這疫症流行的特殊時期，不免將美國流感和新冠肺炎聯繫在一起。病名雖異，同症同治。我想這也是老師能夠遠端診斷，治癒萬里之外的4名新冠肺炎病患、佑護河南通許人民醫院1000多名員工無一感染的法寶（老師注：是娄愛芝副院長及湯英主任兩位學生挑起重擔，楊貞醫師和我是遠程指導）。正所謂對症下藥，而非對“病”。 師者，所以傳道受業解惑也。乍看老師處方，往往難辨經方的蹤跡。但仔細揣摩，單方、複方， 經方隱現，暗合先賢方意。借午飯機會，向老師討教緣由。老師說，經方家在處方時，會按診斷、抓主症開藥，要藥在前，而非簡單套方。 這樣開出的處方，就是能治病的經方。《傷寒論》和《金匱要略》如同完備的戰術錦囊；而《神農本草》則為經方家準備了各種武器。我們研讀經典，就像武術家平日苦練各種套路、招式，熟練使用各種武器一樣，十年磨一劍，在實戰中，方能隨著對手的變化，見招拆招，形成一種條件反射和本能反應。道可道，非常道，此處無招勝有招。

至此無為境界，除對病理、病機的精准把控外，對藥物的功能、 靶向及服藥後的反應，要相當熟練和自信。倪師曾在《人紀》中提及《胎臚藥略》，並將他心中領略的藥道，在著作和醫案中展現的一覽無餘。老師得倪師薪傳，用藥精准，百發百中。此次流感和新冠肺炎，都會伴有咳嗽和黏痰，如治療不及時，則會出現飲症和肺痿。治療上，會涉及到兩組藥物的選擇。一組是葶藶子和紅大戟；另一組是石膏和麥門冬。老師說，葶藶子旨在袪肺組織底部的膿痰。這種症候，往往出現在寒化熱，欲發肺癰之際。肺四周的積液，則需要紅大戟來處理，這也正是十棗湯的方意。石膏和麥門冬雖都能潤肺，但石膏旨在降肺熱；對於乾咳肺痿，則需要使用麥門冬來生津液，即補肺陰。而當肺部長期燥熱、乾咳時，就需要二藥合用。按靶向記憶中藥的方法，不失一種學習、選擇中藥的捷徑。仲景先師曾依《胎臚》，完成了上古醫方的歸經整理。倪師合參經方，逆向還原了《胎臚》，合其象，布其陣，讓用藥變得精准、從容。倪師曾反復強調，作為醫師，必須知道自己在做什麼。如果狹義地理解倪師的教誨，我覺得就是要知道開出的每一味藥，指向哪裡、去做什麼、會有何種反應。只有這樣，治療的過程，也是驗證和再診斷的過程。比如說，對於陽明便秘，如果大承氣湯都無法將燥矢攻出，就要考慮陰實症了。醫者易也，老師懂了。

老師在診治時，往往是針藥同施。這也讓我有機會目睹倪師傳承的諸多配穴和透針。膝五針、皮癢五針、陽陵透陰陵、絕骨透三陰交、外迎香透內迎香、太陽透率谷、地倉透頰車，還有老師總結的安神四針、膽石四針。跟診時，老師總是邊下針，邊講解；針內關，進針要慢。進針太快，病人會因酸脹而抱怨。太陽透率谷，右手進針，左手反向輕推皮膚，可緩解病人的緊張、減輕入針的痛感。針膝眼時，如有粘針，多因有水。針足三裡，如酸脹嚴重，需馬上起針。起針慢了，病人會胃痛，有胃出血的風險。這在治療胃潰瘍、胃出血的患者時， 需格外注意。大陵可用以安神、治療抑鬱症，需在前半寸的位置，45 度斜刺入針；血海行血、破血；三陰交補血。找阿是穴時，先在周邊輕按幾下，再按穴位。這樣病人回饋的壓痛位置更準確。如有條件，留針 45~60 分鐘，療效更佳。 列缺是肺經的絡穴，八脈交會穴，通于任脈。頭項尋列缺，臨床治症之大穴。但因其位於尺脈之下，終不得其要。跟診期間，觀老師實操，左手撥開尺脈，沿肺經方向，采隨法斜刺入針，針頭可避開尺下動脈，善。老師毫無保留地分享著多年的臨床經驗，展示著倪師手法的真傳，唯恐吾輩學不去。太寶貴的經歷了，感恩。

除四診外，“呼吸法”被老師廣泛地應用於肺部診斷。病人深吸一口氣屏住，如肺部有炎症、痰濕，即肺家實症，通常會洩氣、咳嗽，或是感覺胸口脹、滿、緊，或是咽喉脹、滿、癢；然後，再深吸一口 氣，慢慢呼出，如感疲憊不堪，乃肺家虛症，多見於老人。根據病人描述的不適部位，老師可快速確定痰濕或炎症的位置，再結合四診、舌診和眼診，給出精准的陰陽、虛實、寒熱的綜合診斷。幾個小小的 動作，就可以完成X光透視、CT掃描所不及的診斷，在驚歎大道至簡的同時，不由反問，現代醫學是在進步，還是倒退？值得深思。

膽結石是臨床上的常見疾病，伴有午夜醒來；口苦；右肋下脹滿或刺痛，痛引至背、肩膀；吃油膩食物，易鬧肚子等症狀。常以四逆散加五倍子、海金沙治療，有效但不徹底，偶有再犯。跟診期間，從三例膽結石病患身上找到了答案。老師在處方時，除以上基礎方外，會加厚樸以寬腸，黃耆以行氣。同時，會重用白芍，取酸收之用。如睡眠不好，加酸棗仁。五倍子和海金砂會使湯藥很難喝，令人作嘔。 如病患服藥後，沒有抱怨難喝，說明方向對了，需要繼續服藥。通常， 排石需要2~4周的時間，甚者長達2~4月。當病人開始抱怨湯藥難喝的時候，說明石頭開始動了。另外，膽石點、三陰交、太溪和太沖，是老師治療膽結石的驗穴。

神經性疼痛是臨床上的頑疾，常見於帶狀皰疹後遺症、面部三叉神經痛、坐骨神經痛等。結合多年的臨床經驗，老師分別給出了驗方。 柴胡、三黃、連翹、銀花、蛇蛻、蟬蛻，用以治療帶狀皰疹引起的肋脅刺痛。桂枝湯加葛根，專療面部三叉神經痛。桂枝芍藥知母湯加減，治療坐骨神經疼痛，療效顯著。

倪師提出了奶水化經血的理論，並給出了裡熱和裡寒的兩種治症，即裡熱時，經期提前，經血色深；裡寒時，經期滯後，經血色淺。但在臨床上，有一種特例。女子裡寒，但其經期會提前，經血反而色深。 跟診的第一天，就遇到這樣一位病患。她的月經週期是 24 天，經血色黑，量少，經期長達 10 天。老師說，這是虛寒所致。通常，因虛寒引起的月經提前，經期都會拖的較長；而因實熱引起的經期提前， 經期較短。治症上，則是以去寒、補虛為主。

根據老師的解釋，結合經血色黑的症候，引發了我對月經的形成和管道做一些延伸思考。《內經》雲，女子二七而天癸至，任脈通， 太沖脈盛，月事以下，故有子。試想經文給出了經血的源頭和管道。 肺，法象“天”幕；“癸”，北方寒水，屬陰，在臟為腎。女子十四歲後，任脈通，太沖脈盛，在心陽作用下，肺精（陽中有陰為精）沿任脈下達子宮，色白；腎氣（陰中有陽為氣）沿沖脈（沖脈與腎經在 腹部重合）注入子宮，色黑。在小腸熱量的蒸化作用下，合化成經血， 待宮內血滿，在壓力作用下，排出體外。簡言之，經血是由奶水和腎氣合化而成。

如按此假設，當腎陽不守，先行進入子宮時，排出的經血就會色黑或色深。倪師曾傳授，可用單味郁金或刺照海來治逆經。郁金，陰中有陽、疏解肝氣之品。水生木，腎氣旺，肝氣隨之而旺。實則瀉其子，肝經是腎經的子經。僅憑郁金單味之功，疏通肝氣，意在降腎氣，正是此理。照海，八脈交會穴，腎經和陰蹺脈的會穴。瀉照海，降腎氣，逆經自回。反觀逆經的治症，可佐證腎氣參與經血化生的假設。 按此假設，如遇經期提前、經血色黑的虛寒症候，可在強心陽、導奶水下行的同時，固腎陽，以平腎氣。配穴上，可考慮巨闕、關元、足 三裡、復溜，在導心陽下行的同時，補腎、固腎。考慮不周，仍需臨床驗證。

醫者仁術。

還記得一位中年女士，坐在老師面前，焦慮不安的神情。她先生失業已有一年，全家的開支靠她一人維持。近來，因其丈夫從亞洲回美後，自己久咳不愈，被雇主要求在家休息。為了節省診費，她翻出了以前的處方，自行抓藥治療。病情時好時壞，無法復工，不得以才來到診所。老師照例做了詳細的檢查：舌肥大、苔白濕，痰青黃，盜汗，常流鼻血，吸氣屏住無不適，診斷為上焦寒濕引起的久咳，伴 有寒化熱、肺痿症狀，與小青龍湯，佐以麥門冬、石膏和葶藶子，並叮囑不要自行診斷、服藥。以後可致電診所，說明情況。診所會根據症狀，結合以往的病例和處方，給予免費諮詢。這時她沉默了，眼神裡充滿了感激與依託。

印象中，醫院、診所總是疾病、陰霾交織的地方，令人卻步。而在跟診的日子裡，讓我感受到的更多是陽光與快樂。來診的病患很多是老主顧，從孩童到百歲人瑞，多年的守護，早已超越了醫患關係，成為無所不談的朋友、可以託付的親人。問診之餘，老師總會和病患聊聊家常、共同的愛好、當下的時事，就診時間總是飄然而逝。有時會讓我產生一種錯覺，這是在看病嗎？望而知之，謂之神；聞而知之， 謂之聖。貌似輕鬆、詼諧的交談，患者的音容笑貌、氣息變化和情緒波動，與老師交感而生，診斷過半已。正是高超的醫術、豐富的人生閱歷和灑脫的人格魅力，換來了病患的認可、尊重與信賴，這恰恰是醫者最需要的。病患需要做的就是快樂的過活，把疾病交給醫師來處理。在老師的診所，我感受到了這種託付。

說到這裡，讓我想起診室開心的一幕。一位被西醫診斷為少年關節炎的青春美少女，運動受限。經西醫和中醫長達兩年的治療，均無改善。老師接手後，以桂枝芍藥知母湯加減進行治療。女孩的每一次回診都有明顯改善，踝關節和肘關節的疼痛已消失，不能彎曲的膝關節也在鬆動。每次來診，老師都會施以膝五針。女孩原本非常怕針，但在療效面前，女孩愈加勇敢，並用她獨特的方式 – 美聲練聲，排解著下針時的恐懼。站在一旁的我，默默地為她的勇敢加油、為她充滿磁性的歌唱喝彩、為她美麗的明天祝福。

除了針藥治療外，老師還會在生活上給予輔助指導。一位中年女士，苦惱于自己的體重。西方醫學研究顯示，大腿是人的第二心臟，血液的回流主要靠肌肉壓力差來完成。這與倪師所說的“小腸是第二心臟”如出一轍。鍛煉下肢肌肉，促進血液回流，也就是在鍛煉小腸。 隨著年齡增長，運動量減少，肌肉壓力差變小，血液的回流能力變差， 人會隨之變胖。老師建議先做 15 分鐘的舉重無氧運動，迫使肌肉壓力差變大，幫助血液回流心臟。再做45分鐘的慢跑或散步有氧運動， 加強心臟功能。堅持一段時間，人一定會瘦。另外，人老筋縮，長期堅持瑜伽訓練，有駐顏的功效。我在一旁，邊記錄邊竊喜這意外的收穫，太太一定受用。

老師的很多患者是中醫發燒友，慕名而來。就診時，老師總會用中醫的專業術語討論病情，講解月經的形成及與疾病的關係，皮膚乾燥、瘙癢與表實、血虛的關係，用圖示描述眼診和舌診的診斷過程。 老師語速極快，思路縝密，信息量大，全是乾貨。就診的過程，如同一堂精彩的中醫辨證課，毫不吝惜地分享著豐厚的臨床經驗，延續著倪師醫道的傳承。

大戰在即，糧草先行。

醫師制定的治療方案，在戰略、戰術上，攻守之間，都得靠藥物的單兵出擊或是協同作戰來實現。而藥物的儲存、炮製、品相的優劣，更是決定著戰鬥任務能否按時、按地順利完成。長久以來，我積累了很多與藥物有關的疑問，在藥房理藥、抓藥的過程中，逐一找到了答 案。感謝林醫師、莊醫師，還有美麗的小姐姐小櫻無私分享和耐心傳授。

倪師曾在講解四物湯方意時，說當歸意在補血，實則潤腸。當打開冰箱，看到油光四溢、金燦燦的當歸切片時，讓我瞬間明白了老師所指：通利腸道。正是冷凍的環境，保持了當歸的油性，使它能通腸活絡，血當自歸。

抓藥過程，發現了幾味有趣的飲片，熟悉的名字，陌生的品相。 瓜蔞實，治療胸痞的要藥。色青，橫切，外形酷似心臟的橫切面。在國內藥店買到的全瓜蔞，黃褐色，應該是被炙過了，雖是橫切，但已被壓扁成條，失去了取象比類的用意，感覺也丟掉了它的“神”。葛根，色白，不規則塊狀，多纖維，應該是生葛根，並沒有經過炮製， 這與印象中規則的、灰褐色的葛根塊截然不同。炮附子，固腎陽、固表之要藥，微黃，有黃土烘培的焦香。國內多以鹵水炮製的黑附子入藥，色黑、味鹹。炙黃耆，色紅，味苦，入心。老師常用以配合桂枝， 強心補氣。

麻黃，又稱青龍，宣肺、發表、發陽的要藥。但對於心臟功能不 全、貧血的患者，需要慎用。之前曾有貧血患者服用含有麻黃的方劑後，會盜汗、心悸。這時，老師會用荊芥穗、防風或白前來替代。

生半夏，俗稱婆婆藥，是祛痰、利水、降嘔逆的要藥。在治療腦瘤、腦積水時，生半夏更是必不可少的排水要藥。時醫多以清半夏、 姜半夏入藥。而在跟診期間，老師開出的都是生半夏，佐以生薑。老師多年的用藥經驗證明，生半夏是安全的、可靠的。每當用到半夏時， 都會想起倪師講的給愛嘮叨的婆婆飯里加點生半夏，致其括囊的故事， 開心一笑的同時，生半夏的功用早已潛移默化地銘記於心。

生硫磺，即石硫磺的粉末，色如雛雞，是通利水道、消除水腫的要藥。配合牡蠣，更是通利三焦、消積的不二之選。老師說，平人用生硫磺，不會有反應；病人則會流汗、肋下癢。大多數情況下，會將生硫磺單包，與其它藥物一起煮，這樣比較溫和。急症時，也會後下、生用，熱性大。跟診期間，目睹了老師臨症處以生硫磺的多個病例，讓我有機會見識到這味道家聖藥的大功大德。需要即是補藥，以此。

祖師留下法，惜無傳法人。

多年前，因哥哥給的一張《黃帝內經》光碟，與中醫結緣。從初學《人紀》的遲疑，到先學後思的堅心，曾斗膽嘗試倪師的配穴、方劑，無一不實、無一不效。讚歎于國粹博大、醫道精深之餘，苦於無師護佑的惶恐，銘記“最後一步”的警言，履霜前行。今得老師應允，跟診學習，親歷薪傳，實為萬幸。

大道至簡，倪師醫道已彰，同人之勢不可擋。期盼再次來到加州， 在巨人的肩膀上治實學，合其光，同其塵。

歲次庚子仲春月記於北京家中後學王建成

老師評論：

王同學是學理工出身的，多年來從事材料進口及代理，事業有成，目前是青島一家公司的總經理。七年前接觸中醫，五年前開始研讀倪海廈老師的人紀中醫教材，反反覆覆看了好幾回，私底下也幫助治療了很多家人和朋友，還到北京大學第三醫院中醫科實習針灸，實屬難得。王同學這次來診所跟診三周，因為已經有很好的基礎，學習吸收量大過其他跟診學生，也能了解我看診時的許多動作及藥方背後的考量。王同學有志成為專業中醫師，以他目前學習的狀況，及處理事情的周全，將會是一位相當優秀的中醫師，可以幫助到很多人！

(http://andylee.pro/wp/?p=7610)
#當張仲景遇上史丹佛

從非典到新冠肺炎

From SARS to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) - English version is in the second half

新冠肺炎，Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) 新型冠状病毒肺炎，疫情越來越嚴重，被證實可以人傳人，也在武漢以外的許多地方發現病例，造成世界各國及世界衛生組織（WHO）高度關切，當然也讓很多住在中國大陸及附近區域的華人非常緊張，就好像當年的非典肺炎疫情即將再一次大爆發一樣。

目前，現代醫學還沒有找到治療新冠肺炎的方法，只能針對某些症狀來處理，疫苗的研發更是遙遙無期。怎麼辦？每次遇到這種情況，中醫就會被搬出來，這次也不例外。新冠肺炎爆發後，網上馬上有許多中醫對付新冠肺炎的文章。當然，除非哪位中醫師看過、治好過大量的新冠肺炎病例，所有的討論都是猜想、假設。然而，有些猜想及假設值得參考，有些猜想及假設卻明顯在誤導大眾。

我還沒有治療過新冠肺炎，不能大肆評論。不過，我治好過很多禽流感、豬流感、及每年流感導致的嚴重肺炎及其它病變的病人。其中許多病人是被美國大型西醫院證實為嚴重肺炎，被要求醫院或居家隔離，偷偷溜出來找中醫看診的。也因此許多病人及討論中醫的網站，希望我能針對新冠肺炎發表一些意見。

我們以前就討論過，這些彪悍的流感病毒，經過那麼多年、那麼多次的變種（mutation），每年都不一樣，東漢時期傳下來的經典中醫，根本沒有遇到過現在的病毒，怎麼可能治療如此嚴重的肺炎呢？

中醫從來就不認識病毒，也不從病毒種類的角度來思考。中醫是探討人體受到外界因素破壞，失去平衡後，身體會有哪些現象、哪些反應，根據那些現象、那些反應來調整身體狀況，期待身體能恢復到平衡狀態，把外界因素帶來的破壞減到最小。我打個半開玩笑的比方，警匪槍戰時，我們注意到壞人哪個方向來的火力強大，造成我們部署在哪個位置的警員傷亡，這時我們會趕緊重新部署人員，或者想辦法增派警力，我們大概無暇去管壞人是用哪個牌子的槍、哪個工廠做的子彈！

雖然幾百年幾千年下來，病毒變種等等的外界因素改變了非常多，人體演化的改變卻非常有限。人體的功能，無論是怎麼被破壞的，某項功能被破壞而導致的症狀、反應、後續演變，卻依然有明顯的脈絡可循。也因為如此，在很多情況下，中醫以專注人體本身平衡狀態的治療方式，反而比西醫專注在外來敵人的治療方式來得有效許多。

依據多年累積大量的臨床病例觀察，無論是禽流感、豬流感、還是每年的流感，人體敗壞的進程依然如同傷寒雜病論探討的一樣，非常簡化的說，從一般桂枝湯證、葛根湯證等的表寒，轉變到小青龍湯證等的裡寒，津液不足、水道運化失調而化熱，變成比較嚴重的大青龍湯證，或者更嚴重肺臟的寒熱夾雜，金匮要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇中的射干麻黃證、葶藶大棗瀉肺湯證、澤漆湯證、小青龍加石膏湯證等等混雜出現，搞得亂七八糟，也不再是什麼簡單方劑可以對應的。

然而，雖然進程很像，不同於一般外感的是，這些嚴重流感肺炎病情加重的改變速度快非常多，也來得猛烈頑強很多。一般的外感從桂枝湯證、葛根湯證等轉變到大青龍湯證或更複雜的病情，通常需要一兩週的時間。同時，還得病人自己非常不注意，或者醫生治療錯誤，一般感冒才會沒辦法自己好，反而變成嚴重的病症。這幾年的流感，從一開始覺得不太對勁，到嚴重複雜的病情，只需要三四天，而且有越來越快的趨勢。這大幅提高中醫師治療流感時，判斷功力及敏感度的要求，中醫師必須在許多症狀還沒有出現時，就得抓緊時間，趕緊行動，卻又不能預防過度，反而讓病情加重。換句話說，時機、劑量、藥材比例變得非常重要，稍有不慎，就無法反轉病情。

舉個例子，有些病人得了流感，咳嗽非常嚴重，痰非常多，呼吸困難。依照中醫的辨證，假如一致都是寒，舌苔白、小便清、怕冷等等，本來依照辨證論治，我們可能會開射干麻黃湯加減給病人。然而，因為流感的進程非常快速，中醫師得非常敏感，譬如看到舌苔白卻帶有一絲絲乾的感覺，就很可能得加上大寒的石膏來避免肺喪失津液，卻又不能加太多石膏，以免肺寒加重。又譬如聽到咳嗽聲音非常深沈，從肺的底部發出，又帶有膿痰的濁音，就很可能得加上瀉肺的葶藶來避免肺中水飲、痰飲大幅增加，卻又不能加太多葶藶，以免肺變得太虛弱。

我們回頭來看這次的新冠肺炎。根據有限的資訊，我們知道感染後有大約兩週的潛伏期，這段時間沒有什麼症狀，病人可能只會感到有些疲憊。剛開始發病時，很像一般的感冒，病人會發熱、乏力，並不嚴重，沒有什麼流鼻涕等上呼吸道的症狀，有的甚至沒有發熱。約一半的病人一週多後恢復，另一半的病人卻在一週後出現呼吸困難，有些病人會快速進展為急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、膿毒症休克、代謝性酸中毒、凝血功能障礙等等嚴重的問題，可能導致死亡。

從上面的敘述，我們不難發現，一開始很像一般中醫外感的桂枝湯證、葛根湯證，一半的病人也就自己恢復了，另一半的病人卻出現快速的入裡化熱現象，肺津液迅速流失，非常濃稠的痰飲沈積在肺部下方。同時，中醫認為肺為人體調節津液的源頭，肺金生水，好比天空下雨一般，而當肺的功能及津液調節出現嚴重障礙，很快就會拖累三焦水道、腎臟等的功能，導致上面提到的幾種嚴重病情。換句話說，新冠肺炎可以讓輕微的太陽證外感，迅速發展成嚴重的肺痿肺癰，再進一步瓦解人體其它功能的運作。

怎麼治療？在沒有直接治療武漢肺炎病人的情況下，我們也只能根據有限的資訊來推論，不過，以前大量的流感肺炎治療病例，可以讓我們比較有信心的面對新冠肺炎。當病人已經出現明顯新冠肺炎症狀時，大多已經入裡化熱，嚴重的肺痿肺癰。這個時候，得用大劑量的石膏清肺熱、加強肺津液運作。也得靠葶藶、大戟等把肺下方濃稠的痰飲及胸腔可能的積液去掉，痰飲積液不去，是無法修復肺家津液運作的。同時，肺氣不宣，就好像吸管上頭堵住了，吸管內的水無法上下，我們還得使用麻黃等宣肺、發陽的中藥來配合。另外，肺已經受損了，除了大動作急救外，比較穩定後，還得靠一些潤肺的藥來收尾，讓肺完全恢復。如果我們列一個可能加入的中藥單，大致有石膏、葶藶子、大戟、生半夏、麻黃、射干、紫菀 、款冬花、 生薑、炙甘草、紅棗、麥門冬、杏仁等等。當然，如前面所言，用藥的時機、劑量、藥材比例非常重要，每一個病人的差異也很大，嚴格考驗中醫師的功力與膽識，一旦判斷錯誤，不但沒有效果，反而可能會加重病情。

網上有些中醫師，說新冠肺炎或其它流感肺炎可以用板藍根清熱解毒來治好。也有些中醫師說可以用麥門冬湯等等的輕劑治好嚴重的肺炎。甚至還有些中醫師說多喝綠豆湯可以預防新冠肺炎！其實，真的遇過、治好過禽流感、豬流感等嚴重流感肺炎的中醫師，一看這些文章，就幾乎可以確定這些人根本沒有治療過嚴重肺炎的經驗，充其量只是在西醫治療下，在旁邊幫幫病人一些小忙而已。這樣的情況下，難怪中國政府平時大力推展中醫，真的有如同新冠肺炎這樣重大疫情爆發時，卻看不到中國政府大量使用中醫方法來治療病人、控制疫情。醫學是實戰的學問，沒有大量臨床病例，講得再好聽都是沒有用的，如果希望中醫真的在主流醫學裡站立起來，希望中醫真的能面對大規模的疫情，回歸最基本的臨床療效，才是最重要的，其它都只像是武術表演，而非實際作戰。

From SARS to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Written in Chinese by Dr. Andy Lee, January 21, 2020
Translated to English by Dr. James Yeh and Dr. Andy Lee, March 28, 2020

The epidemic from Novel Coronavirus is becoming much more serious. Transmissivity among people has been proven. (Note: It's now named COVID–19. The term “Coronavirus” will be used here.) Cases were found in areas beyond Wuhan. It has caused serious attentions from the WHO (World Health Organization) and many countries around the world. The residents in China and the surrounding regions are quite worried and wonder whether it will break out like SARS (2003). (Note: The article was written on January 21, 2020, before Coronavirus became a global pandemic.)

So far, the modern medical field has not found a cure for Coronavirus, but resorts to treating patients’ symptoms only. Any vaccine to treat Coronavirus is still no way in the sight. What do we do? Every time such a situation happens, the topic of using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is raised (at least among the Chinese communities). There is no exception this time. Many articles related to using TCM on Coronavirus have been popping up on the web. However, unless some TCM doctors who have actually treated many Coronavirus cases, all the discussion would be hypotheses or assumptions. Some hypotheses are worth considering while many others could be quite misleading.

Personally I have not treated patients cases related to Coronavirus. (Note: Shortly after this writing, the author has directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Coronavirus successfully, and has published other later blogs which included his involvement in treating those patients. Please refer to his medical blog http://www.DrLee.us.) However, I did treat and cure patients inflicted by other viruses in the past, such as the Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and other influenza. A good amount of those patients were diagnosed as severe pneumonia by large hospitals and were required for isolation or self-quarantine. Hence many of patients and online medical forums online are asking for my opinions about Coronavirus.

As we discussed before, all these viruses from the outbreaks are either newly found or mutated from previous strands. The strand can be different every year. Therefore, people always ask how one can say that the TCM knowledge developed in East Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) would be any useful for treating the modern diseases, let alone the severe ones.

It turns out that TCM does not recognize any virus and does not deal with the concept of which type of virus is microscopically at work. TCM looks at how human bodies would become out-of-balance and react to external stimuli. Once the body is out of balance, what symptoms will exhibit and what reactions will be to adjust the body conditions to regain the balance, hence to reduce the damage to the body to the minimum. Let me take an example to illustrate: when there is a gunfight between the police and bandits, we want to see which direction the shots are coming from, causing casualties of the police force, so that we are able to adjust or reinforce the police power. We have no time to think about which brand of the guns or bullets the bandits use.

Over thousands of years, the external viruses have changed and evolved quite a bit, but the evolution of human beings was quite limited. The human body function, no matter how it was damaged, the symptoms due to the damage of the function, the reactions, and the following progression of the disease still follow certain paths. For this very reason, TCM’s focus on the balance of the human body often surpasses the effectiveness of Western medicine, which focuses more on external treats and the microscopic aspect of how human body’s cells are impacted by the external treats.

From the accumulation of many years of clinical treatment and observations, no matter it is Bird Flu, Swine Flu or other influenza, the bodily ‘damage’ and its progression by the viral attack still follow the description of the classic TCM literature “Treatise on Cold Damage on Miscellaneous Disease” (傷寒雜病論). In short summary, the disease usually starts with “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛) or “External Coldness” (表寒), for which is matched to one of the several syndromes named with the corresponding herbal remedies such as “Gui Zhi Tang” (桂枝湯) and “Ge Geng Tang” (葛根湯). Then, the disease moves onto the next stage “Interior Coldness” (裡寒) or “Lung Coldness” (肺寒), which shows the syndromes named as “Xiao Qing Long Tang” (小青龍湯), etc. When the respiratory system is “affected by the coldness”, the body fluid function of the respiratory system gets affected. The circulation function of the lung becomes “Dry and Overheated” (燥热). This would lead to a more serious stage “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) and would often be matched to its herbal remedy “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯). Or, even worse, it becomes so-called “mixed coldness and heat” (寒熱夾雜) in the lung. Such a complex situation was extensively discussed in Chapter 7 of the classic literature “Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber” (金匮要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇). At this complex stage, the illness development varies significantly among patients of different preconditions and other variants. It is no longer the situation that a simple herbal remedy can be applied to all the situations. The TCM theory illustrates various treatments by those herbal remedies such as “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯), “Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang” (葶藶大棗瀉肺湯), ”Ze Qi Tang” (澤漆湯), “Xiao Qing Long Jia Shi Gao Tang” (小青龍加石膏湯), and others.

However, even the disease progressions are similar, the more serious viral attacks like Coronavirus can and often do progress much faster with more severe consequences than the common flu. As described in the previous paragraph, normally the disease progression of the “External Coldness” stage to the more serious “Heated Interior” stage usually takes one to two weeks. It is also often due to the ignorance of the patient or misdiagnosis and treatment of the doctor, which prevents the patient from recovering from this “catching a cold”. In the recent several years though, the time period between the time that the patient did not feel well and the time that the patient is in a serious and complex situation can be as short as 3 to 4 days. We also see the trend that this period gets shorter and shorter. In other words, the disease progression is getting much faster. This phenomenon poses a much higher demand on TCM doctors’ ability to make a quick and proper judgment and sensitivity to the subject matter. TCM doctors must intercept the disease progression before it reaches to a more serious stage, even without obvious symptoms of the next stage. TCM doctors have to timely prescribe the proper herbal remedy in terms of the type of herbs and relative dosages of herbs. Too weak a dosage could not stop the progression while too strong a dosage could worsen the condition also. A misjudgment would not be able the turn the conditions around, but hurt the patient more.

The above can be illustrated by a simple example. A patient caught flu and has symptoms such as heavy coughing, lots of sputum, and difficulty in breathing. From the TCM dialectics, with observations of white tongue coating, clear urine, and feeling chilly, etc., it is clearly caused by “Coldness”. Such a patient typically should be prescribed with “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯) or its variations. However, due to the fast progression of the modern flu, the TCM doctor would need to pay attention to much subtle details such as the dryness of the tongue although it still shows the white coating. In this case, Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) might need to be added to the herbal remedy to make sure that the lung would not suffer dryness. Given that Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) itself is an ingredicient that is “very cold” in nature, the dosage could not be too strong to make the lung too chilly. At the opposite end of the spectrum, if the sound of the coughing is very ‘deep’, like dense sputum coming from the bottom of the lung, the herbal remedy might need to add Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶) to clear up the lung to avoid too much mucus in the lung. And again, the dosage of葶藶 could not be too much to weaken the lung. (Note: Handling the proper timing and proper remedy can be a real test to the ability and experience of the TCM doctor.)

Let’s go back to the discussion on Coronavirus. From the limited information available so far, we know that there are about two weeks of incubation period after the infection. There are little symptoms during this period and the patient may just feel more tired than usual. More obvious symptoms will start like those of common flu with fever, fatigue but not too serious. Upper respiratory symptoms like running nose are less common. Some patients may not even exhibit fever. About half of the patients infected will recover over a week or so. The other half of the patients will experience difficulty in breathing, or rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulopathy, etc. Some patients had died due to these severe conditions.

From the above description, this Coronavirus, in the beginning, is very much like the common flu and will stay in stages of “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛) or “External Coldness” (表寒). Half of the patients infected will recover by themselves as in common cold. The other half of the patients may exhibit situations of rapid penetration into inner organs and excess ‘heat’, which causes loss of fluidity of respiratory system and accumulation of dense sputum at the lower part of the lung. In the TCM theory, the lung serves as the initial “gating factor” of body fluids. When the lung fails to serve the proper function, other organs like the kidney will be adversely affected also. In other words, Coronavirus can turn a light “External Coldness” to extremely severe “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) and “Lung Abscess” (肺癰), which in turn will impair the function of other organs.

How to treat? Without direct experience of treating Coronavirus patients, we can only postulate from our limited information available in hand. (Note: Shortly after this writing, the author has directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Coronavirus successfully. The treatments were exactly as outlined in this article.) From the ample experience of dealing pneumonia cases caused by flu, we are confident that we can also treat Coronavirus successfully. When patients are showing the obvious Coronavirus symptoms, most of them would have entered the stage of “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) with “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) or “Lung Abscess” (肺癰) to a certain degree. At this stage, we will need large dosages of Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) to clear the heat to ensure the proper fluidity function of the lung. Also, we will rely on Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶), Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), etc. to clear up the dense mucus at the lower part of the lung and to remove the edema of the chest chamber. Without getting rid of the excess mucus and fluid, the lung cannot properly function. We need to use Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), etc. to enhance the lung function (宣肺、發陽) and restore proper breathing. When the lung is damaged as in fibrosis, after the conditions stabilize, we need to “moisturize” the lung (润肺) to help the lung to recover fully. In other words, we will most likely use the herbal ingredients such as Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏), Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶), Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), Sheng Ban Xia (Pinellia ternate, 生半夏), Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), She Gan (Belamcanda chinensis, 射干), Zi Wan (Aster tataricus, 紫菀), Kuan Dong Hua (Tussilago farfara flower, 款冬花), Sheng Jiang (Ginger, 生薑), Zhi Gan Cao (processed Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., 炙甘草), Hong Zao (Ziziphus jujube, 紅棗), Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬), Xing Ren (Prunus armeniaca, 杏仁), and others. As we discussed in previous paragraphs, the timing, dosage, the relative ratios of different herbal ingredients are very critical. Given that there are quite some variations in patient conditions, the challenges on TCM doctors’ comprehensive knowledge, judgment and courage are unprecedented.

In those articles online, some TCM doctors claimed that Coronavirus can be cured by Ban Lan Gen (Isatis tinctoria root, 板藍根), which is believed to have natural antibiotic chemicals to “clear up the heat and toxics”. Some TCM doctors suggested using a simple mild herbal remedy “Mai Men Dong Tang” (麥門冬湯), which mainly relies on the ingredient Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬). Some people even suggested that having the green bean soup could prevent Coronavirus. In fact, those TCM doctors who have good experience of treating Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and pneumonia caused by other influenza would know that the people making those claims never had the real experience of treating severe pneumonia. They at most helped in a minor way the patients under Western medicine treatments. Under such conditions, it is not a surprise that the China government has not used TCM as the primary method of treating Coronavirus, despite its big promotion of TCM in the recent years. (Note: After this writing, Coronavirus epidemic became so severe in China that the China government changed its strategy and started to use TCM extensively in treating many mild Coronaviurs cases.)

Medicine is the science based on real treatment results. Without a good amount of successful cases in clinical treatments, it is useless to promote any fancy idea of treating patients. If we would like TCM to be respected in the mainstream medicine and to be meaningfully used in a severe epidemic like Coronavirus, it is critical to focus on the most fundamental. That’s the clinical results. Like the martial arts, unless you can fight off the bad guys, it’s just a show of fancy movements.

（http://andylee.pro/wp/?p=7169）
#當張仲景遇上史丹佛

(NTDhealth) http://www.ntdtv.com.tw/

功效：補中潤肺、降肺降胃、生津益胃，降逆氣
主治：治火逆、咳嗽上氣、嗯喉不利者。脈象聯而濇。


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