Melancholia驚悚末日 (Lars von Trier，2011)
Country: Denmar
Score: 7/10
因爲非常喜歡Lars von Trier 之前的Dancer in the Dark，找了這部片，Lars von Trier本身也是一位爭議性不斷的導演，在2011年坎城影展記者會上，當他接受訪問時，曾經坦承說她母親，在死前告訴他生父另有其人。接著開玩笑說：「我一直以為我是猶太人，原來我是個納粹。」，他緊接著談到希特勒：「他也許不是什麼好人，但是我了解他，其實我還有點點同情他。」，這樣公開同情希特勒的言論，雖然他後來忙著解釋，但已經在現場引起了渲然大波，主辦單位隨的坎城影影展，也不得立即施以禁止Lars von Trier進入會場以是對其發言不當的懲戒。本片乃是他在2007年罹患重度憂鬱之後，繼 2009年驚世駭俗的「撒旦的情與慾 AntiChrist」復出之作後，另一部透過電影創作，讓生命的走出憂鬱的自我救贖之作。英文片名「Melancholia 」就是指「憂鬱症」的意思，雖然在片中，也是某個星球的代稱。2011當時透過關於2012 世界末日將臨的傳言，描述了以探討憂鬱症病患截然不同的心理狀態，結合了一般人普遍對於世界末日預言的恐懼，神祕絕美的藝術影像與古典音樂的元素，在看似靜謐的氛圍中，一層一層剝開了人性最深層的心理思維，進而探討一般人與憂鬱症病患的心理轉折。故事敘述一對感情很好的姊妹(由 Charlotte Gainsbourg，飾演一般人眼中的正常人姊姊克萊兒Claire，而Kirsten Dunst飾演憂鬱症病患妹妹賈絲汀 Justine )，其實選角就很顛覆，Charlotte Gainsbourg看來内斂深沉，Kirsten Dunst看來外放膚淺，完全角色倒置。電影分成兩段式敘述，第一段段名，以憂鬱症妹妹 Justine為主，探討一個大眾再開心不過的婚禮場合中，憂鬱患者是如何辛苦地克制自我心情的沮喪，到終究一發不可收拾的慘烈反應。而第二段以看似家庭婚姻生活美滿，生活富裕優渥的姐姐Claire 為主，描述的卻是姐姐一家人，跟妹妹賈絲汀Justine 在面對傳聞中的世界末日來襲時，心境的轉換與對比。當人在最脆弱的環節時，究竟是一般人，還是憂鬱患者，才是俗世眼光中真正的臨危不亂者？ 導演透過了其獨特的運鏡方式，將末日將臨的的冷冽感，在充滿古典藝術的視覺美學下，搭配了演員們精湛的詮釋，呈現出一種穿越現實與心靈視野想像的虛實世界，電影一開端導演選用了超高速攝影機捕捉的如詩如幻，充滿大自然與星際運轉的畫面，再搭配Richard Wagner，突顯了電影中兩位姐妹Claire 與 Justine 的充滿戲劇般的生命張力。 看完心裏有點悶，但還是不失爲一部美學藝術饗宴！
憂鬱症英文melancholia 在 Re: [字彙] "憂鬱症" - 精華區Eng-Class 的必吃
這個問題，我好像回答幾百遍了～
一般來說，精神醫學上「憂鬱症」就是用 Depression 這個這麼簡單的字
請不要想得太難！
（要是多看一點新聞、報章雜誌、英文的醫療相關網站，就會發現
憂鬱症 就是用depression，不可能用melancholia。 Orz
所以「他得了憂鬱症」就是"He's got depression." 不要用"He's got melancholia."
不然外國人還以為你在寫詩勒～ Orz）
如果你真的想要專業一點，可以用 MDD (Major Depressive Disorder) 一字 ^^v
（診斷標準 見以下參考資料A）
至於 Melancholia/Melancholy 只不過是 MDD 的一種「亞型(subtype)」而已！
（特徵 見以下參考資料B）
Hypochondria 就更遠了！因為它 根。本。不。是。憂。鬱。症。 的一種！！><;
中文通常翻「慮病症」、「臆病症」（簡單講，就是一直想著或害怕自己有某種重病）
(Def.: Hypochondriasis refers to a chronic preoccupation with and fear of
having a serious disease)
（特徵見以下參考資料C）
DSM-IV-TR 把它歸在 Somatoform disorders 之下
所以它跟憂鬱症沒啥關係！
以上我是簡單的說明
以下是精神科原文書的資料 有興趣的人可以參考看看：
參考資料A
MDD 的診斷標準：
A. At least one of the following three abnormal moods which significantly
interfered with the person's life:
1. Abnormal depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2
weeks.
2. Abnormal loss of all interest and pleasure most of the day, nearly every
day, for at least 2 weeks.
3. If 18 or younger, abnormal irritable mood most of the day, nearly every
day, for at least 2 weeks.
B. At least five of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2
week depressed period.
1. Abnormal depressed mood (or irritable mood if a child or adolescent) [as
defined in criterion A].
2. Abnormal loss of all interest and pleasure [as defined in criterion A2].
3. Appetite or weight disturbance, either:
Abnormal weight loss (when not dieting) or decrease in appetite.
Abnormal weight gain or increase in appetite.
4. Sleep disturbance, either abnormal insomnia or abnormal hypersomnia.
5. Activity disturbance, either abnormal agitation or abnormal slowing
(observable by others).
6. Abnormal fatigue or loss of energy.
7. Abnormal self-reproach or inappropriate guilt.
8. Abnormal poor concentration or indecisiveness.
9. Abnormal morbid thoughts of death (not just fear of dying) or suicide.
C. The symptoms are not due to a mood-incongruent psychosis.
D. There has never been a Manic Episode, a Mixed Episode, or a Hypomanic
Episode.
E. The symptoms are not due to physical illness, alcohol, medication, or street
drugs.
F. The symptoms are not due to normal bereavement.
參考資料B
MDD 重要的亞型：（其中你可以看到 Melancholia）
‧ Psychotic features.
Requires treatment with an antipsychotic medication as well as an
antidepressant. Generally represents a more severe form of major depression
warranting aggressive treatment and prevention.
‧ Seasonal pattern.
Requires at least two episodes of major depression at the same season in
successive years. Clear seasonal patterns allow some predictability and
preventive treatment with phototherapy, or antidepressants in combination
with psychotherapy.
‧ Melancholia.
Severe vegetative signs of anergia, insomnia, and anorexia with diurnal
worsening in the morning. These signs of melancholia often are the first to
respond to antidepressant trials, with cognitive and affective signs following.
‧ Atypical features.
In contrast to melancholia, this subtype features overeating, oversleeping,
weight gain, and overreactive moods. It often responds better to monoamine
oxidase inhibitors than to tricyclics.
‧ Postpartum onset.
Has a 10–15% prevalence within 6 months after delivery of the child. A
previous episode of depression or bipolar disorder may justify preventive
treatment at the time of the next delivery.
參考資料C
Somatoform Disorders的種類與其特徵：（可以看到 Hypochondria）
Somatization disorder
Multiple symptoms—pain, gastrointestinal, sexual dysfunction
Symptoms vary over time
Chronic condition—often with extensive treatment history
Not intentional
Conversion disorder
Symptoms affect voluntary motor or sensory system
Symptoms do not conform to neuroanatomic structures
May reflect, symbolically, past or current stressor
Patient may not be upset by the symptoms
Not intentional
Hypochondriasis
Chronic preoccupation with having a serious disease
Patient misattributes symptom or test results
Preoccupation not solely due to affective status
Body dysmorphic disorder
Preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance
May exaggerate mild anomaly
Chronic pain syndrome
Pain is the central feature
May begin after specific injury
Can lead to serious functional impairment and medication overuse
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好累～
拜託大家不要再以為「憂鬱症」是 melancholia 了！
用 Depression 就很好了！
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