關於 identity philosophy ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

【認真聽】 《#花木蘭》真的有這麼爛嗎？ 迪士尼找到的女性新觀念是「#孝」？ | 李長潔 👧
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一部電影可以被黑到讓人專程去看，也是一種成就。最近上映的迪士尼電影《花木蘭》，讓大家看得氣氣氣氣氣（#chi），使有點害怕迪士尼公主的我，特地去觀賞這部作品。直接說結論，《花木蘭》還真不是很好看，儘管場景華美，但在敘事情節、鏡頭運作、演繹表達等多方面上，都可以感受到一些足以令人出戲的毛邊。
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真人版《花木蘭》真的有這麼爛嗎？花木蘭是一個怎麼樣的迪士尼公主？迪士尼公主有甚麼性別意義？真人版《花木蘭》居然把華人的「#孝道」拿來當作新世代女性特質，是不是搞錯了甚麼？！
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📌 #今天的內容有：
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▶ 花木蘭到底好不好看？
▶ 迪士尼的公主進化論
▶ 電影中的東方主義
▶ 孝順做為一種美德（？
▶ 雙元孝道的理論模型
▶ 其實花木蘭也沒有很爛啦
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📣 #spotify 聽這裡：https://open.spotify.com/episode/45rT6U9YctNslXtqs122V2?si=vSi4YxCgQ-60v7DFks3xbQ
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📣 #firstory 聽這裡：https://open.firstory.me/story/ckevkz4vfopop0839tan4komg?ref=android
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/////// 完整論述 ///////
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▓ #迪士尼公主論
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從女性主義的觀點來看，性別（gender）具有操演性（#Performativity），也就是說，性別是模仿、表演、施行而成（Boucher, 2006），而媒體就是其中一個形塑性別的機器。Fought與Eisenhauer（2006）的迪士尼公主內容量化研究發現，女性角色的台詞量隨著年代增多，顯示性別意識的進步；而公主的性別特質，也隨時代轉變成更堅強、更獨立的女性。#公主的女性再現，會成為女孩們演繹性別的脈絡，因此，迪士尼當然重視公主的性別形象所帶給大眾的參照性。
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社會學者們也非常在意這些在童年裡扮演重要社會角色的公主，她們是一種「#認同的文本」（Wohlwend, 2012），公主跨媒介地出現在電影、電視、玩具、遊戲中，甚至延伸到日常生活的所有動作。每一個女孩（或男孩）都可以有「#做公主」的機會。（回頭看以為自己是Elsa的5歲乾女鵝）
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▓ #花木蘭中的東方主義
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當然，我絕對不會計較《花木蘭》中文化轉譯上的失誤，甚至是誤讀。這種東方主義（orientalism）（Said, 1979）的傾向，是基於「東方」與「西方」二者之間作本體論與知識論的差異。像是片中土樓場景的使用、對「氣」的理解與詮釋、莫名的鳳凰。在妝容與服飾上倒是還挺符合花木蘭身處的魏晉南北朝，柔然的幾角色設置也還看得出迪士尼的用心。畢竟，《花木蘭》主要觀眾群應該還是西方青少年以下，嚴謹考究的戲劇設定，好像也不是那麼重要了。
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不過，對於真人版《花木蘭》把「#忠孝兩全」作為某種迪士尼公主的價值核心，到底有甚麼問題？
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▓ #孝道的相對主義與絕對主義
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許多評論者把片中置入的「孝」的概念視為父權（中國）勢力的再現，這個部份我覺得可以再思考一下。我們從社會理論來看看，花木蘭被賦予的特殊價值「孝」究竟是甚麼？孝道的文化原型主要奠基於華人家庭對宜農生態環境的適應策略，而孝道的心理原型則根植於親子間自然情感互動的基本需求。
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進一步來說，前者乃是為鞏固家族結構來滿足務農社會之實際生活需求，透過將家庭日常運作與其經濟功能緊密連結，孝道規範逐漸從生計生活經驗中演化成形，藉以促進家庭體系之整合與延續；同時又在人為的政治力量作用下，將儒家特定的倫理階序觀強化為孝道規範的依據，使孝道意識型態從繁複細緻的文化設計進而成為華人首要的「#絕對主義倫理觀」。（葉光輝，2009）
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▓ #孝其實也有很多意涵啦~
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因此，「孝」是一個社會—歷史性的概念，並且在孝道二元模式裡變動拉扯。以「尊親懇親」、「抑己順親」、「奉養祭念」、「護親榮親」四個變項，呈現為「#相互性」與「#權威性」孝道兩個面向。其實，從卡通版到真人版的20年過渡，在女性主體與孝道關係的表現性上，的確有新的進展。一方面，父親與皇帝皆具有「慈」的呼應性，符合相互性的孝之條件。
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此外，花木蘭從一開始的「抑己順親」、「護親榮親」，壓抑自我符合社會關係，轉向「尊親懇親」、「奉養祭念」以真實女性身份，達到孝道的境界，更加符合相互性的孝。我覺得，評論者在一個「現代性」的自我要求下，去批判該片對孝道關係性的掙脫與自我表達，稍有失去對孝道多元意義的真正理解，有直接將孝道掛上「中國」、「傳統」沉痾之嫌。
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▓ #不好看也不難看
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其實說來有趣，《花木蘭》引起大眾對孝道的敏感，但實際上是對中國的對抗。但回顧現代孝道的論述形構，反而是中國的文化大革命，承接了源自胡適、魯迅五四運動的「#反孝」。而在台灣的情境中，因為國民黨執政時期中華文化復興委員會的「#崇孝」運動，權威性孝道則比較常出現在台灣。我想這是一個台灣人的症狀式閱讀。
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至於真人版《花木蘭》到底好不好看呢？找片源看就好…

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#參考文獻：
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1. Boucher, G. (2006). The politics of performativity: A critique of Judith Butler. Parrhesia: a journal of critical philosophy, 1, 112-141.
2. Fought, C., & Eisenhauer, K. (2016). A quantitative analysis of gendered compliments in Disney princess films. In Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting presentation.
3. Wohlwend, K. E. (2012). ‘Are you guys girls?’: Boys, identity texts, and Disney princess play. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 12(1), 3-23.
4. Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage.
5. 葉光輝. (2009). 華人孝道雙元模型研究的回顧與前瞻. 本土心理學研究》(台北), 32-101.

【劍橋辯論會（Cambridge Union）演說：China is the New Imperial Power in Hong Kong】

雖不獲法庭批准離港，我仍在上週透過視像會議方式，參與英國劍橋辯論會（Cambridge Union）的辯論「This House Believes China is the New Imperial Power in Hong Kong」。

發言期間，除解說香港淪落為警察城市（Police State）的源由，直斥在習近平主政下，人民權利不斷受到侵害；我亦以武漢肺炎為例，提到政權面對疫情爆發，多番以中國國家利益與民族認同，凌駕港人切身安危。

其實官員拒絕完全封關和強制隔離入境陸客，同時兩地社會融合與經濟活動在過去十年越加頻繁，反倒成為香港憂慮疫情難以受控的主因，更說明港中區隔的當務之急，而管治失能只會促使民間自救呼聲越加頻繁，不再寄望和依賴政府。

https://youtu.be/xx0uGpJV38U

#眾志國際連結 #SelfGovernance

Cambridge Union Debate: This House Believes China is the New Imperial Power in Hong Kong

When we speak of Imperial Power, it doesn’t necessarily mean a colonial power. But we are referring to an act of expanding influence and authority over a territory through political, legal, economic or even military means. And indeed, the Chinese communist government has exerted that influence over Hong Kong since the Handover in 1997 and escalated that influence more rapidly and more aggressively after 2003.

The principle of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ is a fragile ruling philosophy defining China-Hong Kong relations, guaranteeing the global financial city its autonomy. But in the past 22 years, Beijing intervened on many fronts already, abusing this ruling philosophy and implementing authoritarian measures upon Hong Kong citizens.

-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-

My activism experience serves as a clear case for the motion. Hong Kong’s civil society has long been the constant target of state attack, and the motive is crystal clear: to eradicate opposition in order to maintain China’s dominating influence over Hong Kong. The Oppression of personal freedoms is merely one case in point.

Last year in June, shortly after serving my prison sentence, I went protesting against the controversial extradition bill, exercising my freedom to assembly. The government arrested me again and charged me of inciting people taking part in an unlawful assembly. Then I went contesting in local election, yet the government banned me from running for office because of my political stance.

I then turned to international advocacy, planning to fly to the United Kingdom and other European countries to explain our democratic and peaceful cause. Regrettably, the court thought this parliamentary hearing is not important and rejected my travel application. Every time I spoke in parliamentary hearings, no matter in person or via skype, the Chinese foreign ministry would condemn that parliament for colliding with a so-called separatist who has never advocated independence.

Following these encounters, it's become clear now I'm deprived of the right to the election, freedom of movement, freedom of assembly (not allowed to appear on designated area), and freedom of speech. The civil liberties guaranteed in the constitution are however no longer applicable to me. These oppressive measures are not out of political context.

-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-

#重點在此 I’d also argue that time and again, China’s national pride and interests override Hong Kong’s own interests. The development in the past decade has shown that many of the competitive edges of Hong Kong as a global financial city like rule of law, free flow of information, checks and balances are compromised and give way to Xi Jinping’s Chinese Dream. The Wuhan Coronavirus outbreak precisely explain this argument. Hong Kong, given its proximity to mainland China, is highly prone to infection and spread of disease.

Instead of taking strict measures to prevent public health crisis from erupting, the Hong Kong government, as of today, still refused to close the border, allowing countless potential cases flee to Hong Kong and further dampen the burden of Hong Kong’s medical services. From the moment that Xi Jinping’s image become the top priority, the autonomous decision-making mechanism of the Hong Kong government has collapsed.

The opposing side may argue that China is not imperial power in HK because integration and cooperation in the past have fostered but not encroached economic development in Hong Kong and our city does benefit from it. I’m afraid I cannot agree with this viewpoint at all.

Growing socio-economic integration with China, more connected transport infrastructure like the High-Speed Railway, are accounted for the city’s outbreak of Coronavirus. The first five patients confirmed positive to the virus were passengers of the Railway. Behind the grand narratives of ‘economic integration’ is more blatant aggression of the Hong Kong system. Hong Kong always has to give in and make up for its sovereign country’s faulty policy.

-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-

In conclusion, I have two questions for everyone. Can citizens in New York directly elected their mayor? Yes. Can citizens in London directly their mayor? Yes. We are not asking go too far, but just hope to ask for election rather that selection under Chinese rule to hand-pick those Beijing Loyalists.People in Hong Kong is not experiencing rule of law but only suffering from rule by tear gas. The root cause of crisi is police brutality, which included live round fired towards high school students, young lady being gang rape in police stations and 8000 people arrested from the age of 11 to 84.

When offenses are committed and the offenders are prosecuted as is now happening, there’s no damage to the rule of law at all. It’s only when police officers who beat people up and none of them has even been arrested, that the rule of law is damaged. There’s no rule of law when the brutality of police officers goes unpunished!

Therefore, the House should recognize the fact that China is not only the new imperial power in HK, but it is also an authoritarian and oppressive imperial power since Emperor Xi took over the power. The continuing intervention of the Chinese authorities in Hong Kong’s local affairs presents a fundamental challenge to the continuation of HK peoples identity and way of life.

We are proud to be HongKongers and we hope to determine our own future. That’s the reason for cross-generation of HKers to fight for freedom and wish you can stand with Hong Kong. Thank you.

【劍橋辯論會（Cambridge Union）演說：China is the New Imperial Power in Hong Kong】

雖不獲法庭批准離港，我仍在上週透過視像會議方式，參與英國劍橋辯論會（Cambridge Union）的辯論「This House Believes China is the New Imperial Power in Hong Kong」。

發言期間，除解說香港淪落為警察城市（Police State）的源由，直斥在習近平主政下，人民權利不斷受到侵害；我亦以武漢肺炎為例，提到政權面對疫情爆發，多番以中國國家利益與民族認同，凌駕港人切身安危。

其實官員拒絕完全封關和強制隔離入境陸客，同時兩地社會融合與經濟活動在過去十年越加頻繁，反倒成為香港憂慮疫情難以受控的主因，更說明港中區隔的當務之急，而管治失能只會促使民間自救呼聲越加頻繁，不再寄望和依賴政府。

https://youtu.be/xx0uGpJV38U

#眾志國際連結 #SelfGovernance

Cambridge Union Debate: This House Believes China is the New Imperial Power in Hong Kong

When we speak of Imperial Power, it doesn’t necessarily mean a colonial power. But we are referring to an act of expanding influence and authority over a territory through political, legal, economic or even military means. And indeed, the Chinese communist government has exerted that influence over Hong Kong since the Handover in 1997 and escalated that influence more rapidly and more aggressively after 2003.

The principle of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ is a fragile ruling philosophy defining China-Hong Kong relations, guaranteeing the global financial city its autonomy. But in the past 22 years, Beijing intervened on many fronts already, abusing this ruling philosophy and implementing authoritarian measures upon Hong Kong citizens.

---------------------------------

My activism experience serves as a clear case for the motion. Hong Kong’s civil society has long been the constant target of state attack, and the motive is crystal clear: to eradicate opposition in order to maintain China’s dominating influence over Hong Kong. The Oppression of personal freedoms is merely one case in point.

Last year in June, shortly after serving my prison sentence, I went protesting against the controversial extradition bill, exercising my freedom to assembly. The government arrested me again and charged me of inciting people taking part in an unlawful assembly. Then I went contesting in local election, yet the government banned me from running for office because of my political stance.

I then turned to international advocacy, planning to fly to the United Kingdom and other European countries to explain our democratic and peaceful cause. Regrettably, the court thought this parliamentary hearing is not important and rejected my travel application. Every time I spoke in parliamentary hearings, no matter in person or via skype, the Chinese foreign ministry would condemn that parliament for colliding with a so-called separatist who has never advocated independence.

Following these encounters, it's become clear now I'm deprived of the right to the election, freedom of movement, freedom of assembly (not allowed to appear on designated area), and freedom of speech. The civil liberties guaranteed in the constitution are however no longer applicable to me. These oppressive measures are not out of political context.

---------------------------------

#重點在此 I’d also argue that time and again, China’s national pride and interests override Hong Kong’s own interests. The development in the past decade has shown that many of the competitive edges of Hong Kong as a global financial city like rule of law, free flow of information, checks and balances are compromised and give way to Xi Jinping’s Chinese Dream. The Wuhan Coronavirus outbreak precisely explain this argument. Hong Kong, given its proximity to mainland China, is highly prone to infection and spread of disease.

Instead of taking strict measures to prevent public health crisis from erupting, the Hong Kong government, as of today, still refused to close the border, allowing countless potential cases flee to Hong Kong and further dampen the burden of Hong Kong’s medical services. From the moment that Xi Jinping’s image become the top priority, the autonomous decision-making mechanism of the Hong Kong government has collapsed.

The opposing side may argue that China is not imperial power in HK because integration and cooperation in the past have fostered but not encroached economic development in Hong Kong and our city does benefit from it. I’m afraid I cannot agree with this viewpoint at all.

Growing socio-economic integration with China, more connected transport infrastructure like the High-Speed Railway, are accounted for the city’s outbreak of Coronavirus. The first five patients confirmed positive to the virus were passengers of the Railway. Behind the grand narratives of ‘economic integration’ is more blatant aggression of the Hong Kong system. Hong Kong always has to give in and make up for its sovereign country’s faulty policy.

---------------------------------

In conclusion, I have two questions for everyone. Can citizens in New York directly elected their mayor? Yes. Can citizens in London directly their mayor? Yes. We are not asking go too far, but just hope to ask for election rather that selection under Chinese rule to hand-pick those Beijing Loyalists.People in Hong Kong is not experiencing rule of law but only suffering from rule by tear gas. The root cause of crisi is police brutality, which included live round fired towards high school students, young lady being gang rape in police stations and 8000 people arrested from the age of 11 to 84.

When offenses are committed and the offenders are prosecuted as is now happening, there’s no damage to the rule of law at all. It’s only when police officers who beat people up and none of them has even been arrested, that the rule of law is damaged. There’s no rule of law when the brutality of police officers goes unpunished!

Therefore, the House should recognize the fact that China is not only the new imperial power in HK, but it is also an authoritarian and oppressive imperial power since Emperor Xi took over the power. The continuing intervention of the Chinese authorities in Hong Kong’s local affairs presents a fundamental challenge to the continuation of HK peoples identity and way of life.

We are proud to be HongKongers and we hope to determine our own future. That’s the reason for cross-generation of HKers to fight for freedom and wish you can stand with Hong Kong. Thank you.