【國立臺灣大學 109學年度畢業典禮 貴賓致詞】
Commencement Address, National Taiwan University Commencement 2021
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巨大集團 羅祥安前執行長
Giant Group Former CEO Anthony Lo
管校長,羅副校長,各位貴賓,畢業生的家長跟朋友們,還有今天最重要的2021年臺大的畢業生,大家早安、大家好!
首先恭喜你們,今天從全世界最優秀大學之一的臺灣大學畢業了!
在過去幾年,在管校長,以「大學教改」和「國際化」的理念,率領全體師生的努力之下,臺大在全世界的能見度,和各項排名,都有顯著的進步,也讓身為校友的我們倍感光榮。
是不是我們大家一起鼓掌,給自己鼓勵一下好不好!
你們今天剛剛畢業,但是你們已經創造了臺大一項新的紀錄:第一次,沒有傳統畢業典禮的畢業生。這將是你們人生一個非常特別的回憶,也預表了你們未來將會有與眾不同的表現,和非凡的成就。
現在的世界,局勢是在東方跟西方的勢力,彼此對抗而動盪不安。而全世界的經濟活動,也因為科技的突破性創新,而受到很大的影響。不盡理想的、不盡公平的全球化,也將逐漸地變成 全球在地化。而COVID-19肆虐全球的結果,使得臺灣跟全世界,大家的生活型態、社會的結構、經濟活動的節奏都被打亂了,而必須要加以全面的整理跟重新的架構。這當然是一個危機,但是更是一個絕好的機會。所以,將你們迎面而來的,是無數的創新的機會,以及冒險卻令人興奮的全新挑戰。
因為臺灣,這是第一次跟全世界各個國家,同步的站在一個嶄新的共同起跑點上面。所以我要恭喜你們,你們躬逢其會,將要進入一個充滿希望、嶄新的時代。
我是1969年從臺大畢業的,所以我想今天就以我畢業之後的50多年,人生的一些學習和體會,來跟諸位分享,給諸位作個參考。
當我大學畢業的時候,我滿懷抱負,迫不及待地想要大展身手,我當時進入臺灣最大的貿易公司工作,但是我發現我所學的很多東西,只有一些國際貿易的實務跟英文有用,至於其他我所學習到的經營管理的很多知識,恐怕都要等到10年、20年之後,如果我有幸當上高級主管才能派上用場。
更諷刺的是,我是商學系畢業的,但是工作兩年後,我發現我真的不喜歡做商人,我也不喜歡做生意,我有興趣的是做事業。
後來,幸好我有聆聽我心裡面的微弱的聲音,決定踏進自行車業,放棄掉台北最好的貿易公司的金飯碗,而去參加在大甲一個只有38個人的小公司,來追求我的夢想。
那時候許多人認為我腦筋有問題,頭殼壞去,但現在回顧回來,我當時是做了人生一個非常好的決定。
創業的過程飽受艱辛,但是我也學到了很多寶貴的經驗:我首先學到的,是在做事之前,必須要先學做人。
人必須要誠信踏實,不能自私自利,而要利他共好。
要隨時心存感恩,尊重、關切別人。要熱愛這個世界,並且要了解到一個人的能力是有限的,而必須要去建立互信、互助的人際關係;要融入群體、要發揮團隊的精神。
在做事方面,一定要以正面積極的態度,認真努力去工作。 而且不要怕失敗,要勇於接受新的挑戰。因為如果有失敗了,那只是代表說你又更靠近成功一步了。要作中學,學中作,要虛心好奇的終身學習,開拓挑戰、追求卓越。
在這裡,我想要送給大家一個很特別的畢業禮物,就是兩個「成功的錦囊」。
第一個錦囊:不管你做什麼工作,不論你職務的高低,永遠都要站在顧客的立場,來為他們設想,還能做什麼,讓他們能夠得到更多的創新價值。
第二個錦囊:無論作什麼工作,不管你職務的高低,永遠都要站在經營者的角度來為公司設想,要做什麼,才能讓公司更健康,永續經營跟發展。
既使你們把我後面講的很多東西都忘記了,沒關係,但是這個畢業禮物你們一定要記得帶回去,因為這些「同理心」的兩個錦囊,在未來會給你們帶來意想不到的祝福!
其次我體會到,名跟利都是副產品。正產品是你成為什麼樣的人,成就什麼樣的事。當正產品是對的時候,名跟利都自然會來。
所以我鼓勵大家在找工作的時候,不要太計較開始的薪水和待遇。因為事實上,一個新人,在前面三年是很難有大的貢獻的,反過來只是公司發薪水來給你培訓而已。所以選擇一個有意義的行業,找一家你可以學習進步的好公司,這才是重要的。
第三,我學習到 知識不等於智慧。諸位都學有專精,有很多寶貴的知識,但這些知識必須要實際去做才能夠產生經驗,而累積的時候會有不同經驗的反省、學習、跟體會,尤其是從那些失敗的經 驗,才能夠漸漸地凝結成有用的智慧。
我的成長過程分成三段,開始我是一個「I」型的人,我擁有一些經營管理的基本的能力。後來因為工作的需要和我的好奇心,我漸漸地學習到技術開發、製造生產、品牌推廣、全球經營、以及行銷、服務等等寶貴的經驗,這樣漸漸地,我就形成一個「T」型的一個跨界的人才。但是到了我真正找到公司未來的使命跟方向,並且把它跟我的人生目標結合在一起,熱情的、積極去推動的時候,那時候我終於成為一個「十字架」型的一個領導者。
當公司發展得比較穩定之後,我就面臨要如何來替公司規劃願景、使命、定位,跟長期策略。在這個階段,我有一些新的體會:首先,你必須要能夠畫出一個「黃金正三角形」,正三角形是最穩定的,上面是戰略,中間是戰術,下面是戰鬥。先要有正確的戰略,才能衍伸出有效的戰術,再根據這個戰術去貫徹戰鬥的執行。換言之,戰略就是做對的事情,戰術就是對的方法,戰鬥就是用對的方法去把事情做對做好,並且不斷地去持續改善。
想要能夠思考出長期的戰略,就必須要有洞察力。
我很喜歡看地球儀,就是那種在一個架子上面,有一個可以轉動的地球模型。當你把地球轉動的時候,你看到上面每一個地方、每一個國家,它的地理位置、它的自然生態,以及你思考它的歷史的演變跟它的發展,這樣子你就能夠得出一個整體的,跟全方位的一個概念。
在思考長期戰略的時候,很不容易得出一個有突破性的一個創見,它的原因往往是因為「當局者迷」的關係。
所以當我考慮長期戰略的時候,我會把自己設想,好像從一個人造衛星上面,來觀看一個轉動的地球。以宇宙格局的高度,以全球視野的廣度,以歷史演進的長度,這樣子你就能夠以一個「旁觀者清」的姿態和角度,來正面、反面深入思考,這樣子你就可能得到一個突破性的一個解答。「世界的捷安特」跟「全球在地化」的品牌經營—這樣子的策略、願景就是這樣產生的。
另外一種洞察力,是如何推出給人們有創新價值的產品跟服務。這就要時時地站在人文跟科技的十字路口,仔細觀察它們的變化,然後活用科技的進步,為人文潛在的需求,適時地提供最佳的解決方案。捷安特的Cycling世界,就是用這種方法,不斷的推出創新價值的產品。
我們在經營上也有發展出一個特別的理念,那就是「不求第一,要作惟一」。全世界的人這麼多,但沒有兩個人的指紋是一樣的, 所以每一個人都是獨一無二、都是惟一的。可見當上帝造每一個人的時候,祂都有衪特別的計劃,而且也把成功所需要的能力跟要素,已經放在你的心中,等待你取用。所以每一個人不應該只是模仿別人,或者是按照別人的期望來生活,而應該要找出並且發揮自己的天賦,真正做自己,成為惟一,才能夠活出精采的生命。
企業也是一樣,不能隨波逐流,必須要找出什麼才是對的,什麼是合適你的,什麼才是有意義、對這個世界有貢獻的,這個才是惟一。當你精益求精,努力的想要成為惟一的時侯,你才能夠找到真正正確的目標,以及永續生存的價值。如果事事都想為第一,那麼你可能去追求很多不切實際的目標,而被你無法承受的巨大壓力所摧毀。或者,因為不擇手段,最後走上一些錯誤的道路。
在長期追求惟一的過程當中,我也得到兩個重要的體會:當你決心做一件對的事情,而且不屈不撓,勇敢堅持奮鬥的時候,全宇宙的力量都會起來幫助你。另外,把一件有意義的事情,用生命的力量把它作好,你就有可能改變這個世界!
我鼓勵你們,聆聽你們內心深處的微小的聲音,讓它引導你們,去尋找到你們的天賦,了解你們的命定。
不求第一,要作惟一。做你真正的自己,成為惟一。活出你精彩的生命,享受你幸福的人生!
很多人說,生長在臺灣的人,一輩子裡面一定要完成三項挑戰:登玉山、泳渡日月潭、還有騎自行車環島。我覺得這非常有道理。所以我建議大家在畢業以後,在去當兵、就業之前,不妨參加一個自行車環島的旅行團,用九天的時間,仔細的去體會、欣賞寶島臺灣的美好,用自行車的輪胎去親吻,這塊生你長你的美麗大地,就當作是送給你自己的一個畢業禮物吧!
那教授們跟家長們,可能會想說,啊!太可惜了,我畢業的時候沒有騎自行車環島,我現在已經五六十歲了。沒關係,你這個年紀正好來從事人生的壯遊。
我們臺大的校長-管校長,在今年的一月份,就勇敢的完成他夢寐以求的自行車環島的壯遊。我們給管爺一個掌聲好不好?
有人認為臺灣很小、沒有前途,真的是這樣嗎?世界經濟論壇每年都要把全世界的國家的實力做一個調查跟排名。讓我們來看一下臺灣的排名。全世界有235個國家,就面積來講,我們排名第137;就人口來講,第57;就經濟體來講,第21;就整體競爭力來講,排名第11;而創新力,臺灣排名第4。沒錯,臺灣的確不大,但是我們很強,我們可以很有前途!
可預見的,未來的世界將會成為美、歐、亞三區鼎力的這個新局面。就像三個圓圈,各自都以自己的利益為優先,並且彼此長期的競爭、對抗和抵制,但是同時又不得不相互的維持一些必要的連結。而在每一個圈裡面,它將持續的有很多劇烈的改變,就像一個暴風圈一樣。而這三個暴風圈連結在一起,就形成一個所謂完全風暴PERFECT STORM。
最近經濟學人雜誌,把臺灣當作封面,稱臺灣為地球上最危險的地方,但同時又是科技業最關鍵的地方。我個人倒認為,未來臺灣可能是處在一個最有利的地位,就在那三個暴風圈中間的那個颱風眼,也就是這三個圈圈彼此連結交會的中心點。這個地方看起來好像危險,其實是最安全、最有利、又是最關鍵的地方。
當三個暴風圈無可避免的,參與在一個長期的競爭、對抗、跟抵制-這樣一個零和的賽局裡面。那臺灣並不屬於任何一個圈圈,也不需要去參與這些競爭、對抗跟抵制。而可以去想說,我可以在這個關鍵的中心點,替這個世界來提供什麼樣子的創新價值的貢獻。
臺灣過去50年的努力累積了很多技術開發、製造管理、金融資本,社會資源,以及民主法治體制,這些稀有而寶貴的實力。而且如果以全世界作為舞台,那麼,能夠精通中文跟英文、能夠深切的了解東方西方的文化;有專業,又能跨界,謙卑而不自卑,自信而不自大的臺灣人,可能是全世界最優秀的人才。
未來無法被預測,但是可以被創造!30年前,有誰能夠預測到說臺灣會產生世界級的台積電跟捷安特?
台積電秉持著作惟一的理念,以全球晶圓代工的戰略,厚植實力,打造了優質高效的供應鏈,把臺灣變成一個科技島。以臺灣為核心,轉動引領全世界的半導體市場。
捷安特也秉持著作惟一的理念,以世界的捷安特,全球在地化的品牌戰略,帶領A-Team把臺灣變成全世界高級車的中心,又積極的推動Cycling的新文化,把臺灣發展成一個自行車島,以臺灣為核心,轉動引領全世界自行車的市場。
在這裡我也期許我們臺大,也能夠以作惟一這樣子的理念,轉動引領世界,變成全世界最優秀人才培養的最佳搖籃。
未來的50年,臺灣將迎來前所未有最大的機運!所以臺灣是不是應該要脫離過去單純競爭的心態,而來積極的謀求長期的未來生存之道,或者更進一步要問自己:臺灣可以為世界貢獻些什麼?臺灣不應該只是消極的「根留臺灣」,而應該更主動積極的「放眼全球、立足亞太、深根臺灣」。
臺灣過去的50年,那是一個非常艱辛跟特別的階段。很慶幸的,臺灣在那個階段裡面,是屬於勝利的這一組。
現在是應該到了必須要了解過去、深入現在、策劃未來,這個重要關鍵的時刻。要如何的以宇宙格局的高度、以全球視野的廣度、以及歷史演進的長度,衡外情,量己力,來為臺灣重新的定位,重新畫一個正確的戰略、戰術、戰鬥的黃金三角形。讓臺灣能夠真正發揮自己的長處,能夠打造創新價值的優勢,成為惟一、做Only One!要能夠創造一個更安全、更廣闊、更興盛-全新的藍海。臺灣必須要成為世界的好公民,繼續的為全世界做更多、更好的貢獻!
2021的畢業生們,在你們當中有未來國家的領導人、有全球企業的創造者、有在社會各行各業、方方面面的核心人才,所以臺灣未來50年的未來,就掌握在你們手中了。
最後,我想用一位著名科學家的名言來作結尾: Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving. 人生就像騎自行車,要保持你平衡最好的方法,就是繼續不斷地向前進。
你知道這是誰的名言嗎? 沒錯,就是愛因斯坦!
2021的畢業生們,請你騎上你人生的自行車,勇敢的向前邁進,去開創你獨一無二、精彩無比的新生命跟未來。再一次,恭喜你們,並且祝福你們每一位,將來都能夠有健康、幸福、精彩跟有意義的人生!
謝謝!
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President Kuan, Executive Vice President Luo, Distinguished guests, family, friends, and most importantly, the graduating class of 2021, good morning!
First of all, congratulations! Today, you are graduating from one of the best universities in the world – National Taiwan University!
Over the last few years, President Kuan led the university forward with his vision of “educational reform” and internationalization”. Together with all the faculty and students, NTU has made significant progress in both ranking and global visibility, making us, alumni, extremely proud.
I think we deserve to give ourselves a round of applause!
You are the graduating class of 2021 and already, you have set a new record for NTU: For the first time, there will not be a traditional graduation ceremony. Let this be a very special memory of your life and a sign of the difference you will make in your future with extraordinary achievements.
The world is now in a volatile state where the East and the West are confronting each other. The world’s economic activities are also greatly affected by the breakthrough and innovations in technology. The less-than-ideal and less-than fair globalization will gradually become global localization. And as a result of COVID-19, Taiwan and the rest of the world’s lifestyle, social structure, and economy have been disrupted, and must be comprehensively reorganized and restructured. This is certainly a crisis, but in the midst of every crisis, lies great opportunity. So, what lies before you are countless opportunities for innovation, and exciting new challenges.
Because, for the first time, Taiwan is standing with the rest of the world on a new race-track. Therefore, I would like to congratulate you, you are entering a new era full of hope.
I graduated from NTU in 1969. It has been more than 50 years and today, I would like to share some of my life experiences and insights.
When I graduated from college, I was filled with ambition. I couldn’t wait to make my mark. I joined one of the largest trading companies in Taiwan, where I quickly realized the only materials I learned in school that came in handy are a little bit of international trade practices and English. Much of what I had learned about business management would only be relevant 10 or 20 years down the road, if I was lucky enough to become a senior executive.
What’s even more ironic is that I graduated with a degree in business, but after working for 2 years, I realize I really don’t like being a businessman, and I don’t like doing business. What I am actually interested in is building an enterprise.
Fortunately, I chose to listen to the faint voice in my heart and decided to enter the bicycle industry. I left my position at the best trading company in Taipei to join a small company with only 38 employees in Dajia to pursue my dream.
At the time, many people thought I must’ve broken my skull and gone crazy, but looking back, I have made a great decision in my life.
The process of starting my own enterprise has been very difficult, but I have learned many valuable lessons. The first thing I learned is that before you can do anything else, you have to learn to be a person of good character.
We must be honest, down to earth, selfless, self-serving, and altruistic for the common good.
Be grateful, respectful and caring at all times. To love the world and to understand that one person’s ability is limited and that is necessary to build interpersonal relationships of mutual trust and support; to be part of a group and to play as a team.
When it comes to work, you must work hard with a positive attitude. And don’t be afraid to fail, be brave enough to accept new challenges. Because every time you fail, it just means you are one step closer to success. Learning is an active process. We learn by doing. We must stay open-minded and curious, aspiring to lifelong learning; to explore challenges and pursue excellence.
Here I would like to give everyone a special graduation gift, which are my two tips for success:
First, always put yourself in the customer’s shoes, regardless of what you’re doing or what kind of job title you hold. Think for them, think about what else you can do to create more value for the customers.
Second, regardless of what you’re doing or what kind of job title you hold, always think about the company from the proprietor’s point of view; what can we do to build a healthier company that’s sustainable.
Even if you are going to forget everything I say later, that’ ok. Just remember to take your graduation gift at heart, because these two tips on “empathy “are sure to bring you unexpected blessings in the future!
Later on, I realized that fame and money are merely byproducts. The real product is you, what kind of person you have become and what have you achieved. When the real product is identified, fame and money will come naturally.
So I encourage you, when you look for a job, don’t be too concerned about the starting salary and benefits. Because as a matter of fact, as a newcomer, it is very difficult to make a big contribution in the first three years, so really the company is paying to give you training instead. So choose a meaningful industry and find a good company where you can improve and grow, that’s what’s important.
Thirdly, I learned that knowledge is not the same as wisdom. All of you have learned a lot and have a lot of valuable knowledge, but this knowledge must be practiced in order to produce experience, and in the process of accumulation, there will be different experiences of reflection, learning and empathy, especially from failure, slowly and surely all these experiences will be condensed into useful wisdom.
My personal development can be divided into three stages. I began as a I-shaped person with some basic skills in business management. Later on, due to my job and curiosity, I gained respected experience in technology development, manufacturing, branding, global marketing, and service and thus gradually becoming a T-shape multidisciplinary professional.
However, when I combined the future mission and direction of the company with my life goals, promoting it enthusiastically and actively, that is when I finally became a X-shape transdisciplinary leader.
Once the company became more stable, I was faced with the challenge of planning the vision, mission, positioning, and long-term strategy for the company. At this stage, I had some new insights.
First, you must be able to draw a “golden triangle”, an equilateral triangle is the most stable shape with strategy on top, tactics in the middle, and operations at the bottom. In other words, the strategy is to do the right thing, the tactics is the using the right methods, and operations is using the right methods to excel on doing the right things while constantly improving them.
To develop long-term strategies, it is necessary to have insight.
I enjoy looking at the globe, yes, the spherical model of Earth that sits on a stand and can be rotated. When you rotate the globe, you can see every place and country on it, its geographical location, its natural ecology, and you can think about its historical evolution and development, so that you can come up with an overall comprehensive concept.
When thinking about long-term strategy, it is not easy to come up with a groundbreaking idea, because “men are often blind in their own cause”
Therefore, when I think about long-term strategy, I imagine myself as if I were looking at a rotating Earth from a man-made satellite. With the height of the universe, the breadth of global vision and the length of historical evolution, you will be able think about it from the perspective of an observer, and then you may have a breakthrough. This is how the strategy and vision of “GIANT for the World” and “glocalization” brand management came about.
Another kind of insight is how to introduce the products and services to create additional value to people. This requires standing at the crossroads of humanity and technology, observing their changes carefully, and then using technological advances to provide the best solutions for the potential needs of humanity in a timely manner. This is how GIANT’s Cycling World continues to introduce innovative values to its products.
We have also developed a special philosophy in our business, which is “don’t be the first one, be the only one”. There are so many people in the world, but no two people share the same fingerprints, making each person unique and one of a kind. God created each person with purpose and has gifted us with the abilities and elements needed for success. All of which is in your heart, waiting for you to take them. Therefore, we should not just follow each other’s footstep or live under the expectations of someone else. Instead, we should find and give reigns to our talents, to truly be ourselves, to become the only one and live a brilliant life.
The same applies to businesses, you can’t just go with the flow, we must find what is right and suitable and what is meaningful and contributive to the world, this is what it means to be the only one. When you strive for excellence and strive to be the only one, you will find the right goals and the value of sustainability. If you try to be first in everything, you may pursue many unrealistic goals and either be destroyed by unbearable pressure or resort to doing whatever it takes, and end up on the wrong path.
I have learned two important lessons in my long quest to be the “only one”. When you are determined to do the right thing and you are unyielding and persistent in your struggle, the power of the universe will rise up and help you. In addition, if you do something meaningful and do it well with the power of life, you may change the world.
I urge you to listen to the small voice deep within you and let it guide you to find your talents and understand your destiny.
Do not seek to be the first but to be the only. Be true to yourself and be the only one. Live your life to the fullest and enjoy your life to the fullest!
Many people say that growing up in Taiwan, you must complete three challenges in your lifetime: climb to the top of Jade Mountain, swim across Sun Moon Lake, and ride a bike around the island. I think this is very true. Therefore, I suggest that after graduation, before you go to the military or get a job, you might as well join a bicycle tour around the island and spend nine days to carefully experience and appreciate the beauty of Taiwan. As a graduation gift to yourself, let the tires kiss the beautiful land where you were born and raised.
All the professors and parents must be thinking in regret, “Ah! Too bad! I didn’t ride my bike around the island when I graduated and now I’m already in my 50s and 60s…” But that’s okay! You are actually at the perfect age to start your adventurous life.
Our President of NTU, President Kuan bravely completed his dream bike tour around the island in January this year. Let’s give President Kuan a round of applause!
Some people think that Taiwan is small and has no future. Every year, the World Economic Forum conducts a survey and ranking of the strength of countries around the world. Let’s take a look at Taiwan’s ranking. There are 235 countries in the world and we rank 137th in terms of landmass, 57th in terms of population, 21st in terms of economy, 11th in terms of overall competitiveness, and 4th in terms of innovation. It’s true that Taiwan is not big, but we are strong and we have a promising future.
In the foreseeable future there will become a new situation in which the United States, Europe and Asia will be the three focal regions. Just like three circles, each of which prioritizes its own interests and is in long-term competition, confrontation and resistance, but at the same time has to maintain some necessary links with each other. And in each circle, drastic changes will be endless, just like a storm circle. These three storm circles are linked together to form a so-called PERFECT STORM.
The Economist magazine recently featured Taiwan on its cover, calling it the most dangerous place on earth, but at the same time the most critical place for the technology industry. Personally, I think that Taiwan may be in the most favorable position in the future, right in the middle of the three storm circles, the eye of the typhoon, which is the center point where these three circles are connected. This place seems dangerous, but in fact it is the safest, most favorable, and most critical place.
When the three storm circles are inevitably involved in a long-term competition, confrontation, and boycott - a zero-sum game. Taiwan does not belong to any of these circles, nor does it need to participate in these competitions, confrontations, and boycotts. Instead, situated in this critical position, I should begin to think about what kind of innovative value I can provide to the world.
Taiwan's efforts over the past 50 years have accumulated many rare and valuable strengths in technology development, manufacturing management, financial capital, social resources, and the democratic rule of law system. If the world is our stage, Taiwanese people who are proficient in Chinese and English, who have a deep understanding of Eastern and Western cultures, who are professional, who can cross borders, who are humble but not inferior, and who are confident but not arrogant, may be the best talents in the world.
The future cannot be predicted, but it can be created! 30 years ago, who could have predicted that Taiwan would produce globally renowned TSMC and GIANT?
TSMC is committed to the concept of being the only one, and has built up its strengths with its global foundry strategy, creating a high-quality and efficient supply chain and turning Taiwan into a technology island. With Taiwan as the core, TSMC is leading the worldwide semiconductor market.
GIANT also upholds the concept of "Be the only one" and leads the A-Team to turn Taiwan into the center of the world's premium bikes with the brand strategy of globalization and localization, and actively promotes the new culture of cycling, developing Taiwan into a cycling island and leading the world's cycling market with Taiwan as the core.
Here I also hope that we, NTU, can also lead the world with the concept of being the only one, and become the best cradle for the cultivation of the best talents in the world.
In the next 50 years, Taiwan will have the greatest opportunity ever! Therefore, Taiwan should get rid of the simple competitive mentality of the past and actively seek the long-term survival of the future, or go even further and ask itself: What can Taiwan contribute to the world? Taiwan should not just "secure Taiwan" in a conservative way, but should be more proactive with global outlook and establish a foothold in the Asia Pacific.
The last 50 years, for Taiwan, has been very difficult and significant. Fortunately, Taiwan pulled through and came out as one of the winners.
Now is the crucial moment to understand the past, delve into the present, and plan for the future. We must take the height of the universe, the breadth of our global vision, and the length of historical evolution, weigh the external situation, and measure our own strengths to reposition Taiwan and draw the golden triangle of strategy, tactics, and operations. Taiwan should be able to give full play to its strengths, create innovative value, and become the only one! Taiwan must become a good citizen of the world and continue to make more and better contributions to the world!
Graduates of 2021, among you are the future leaders of the country, the creators of global enterprises, and the core talents in all walks of life, the future is in your hands.
Finally, I would like to conclude with a quote from a famous scientist: Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.
Do you know who this quote belongs to? That's right, Einstein!
Graduates of 2021, please get ready for your life adventure, get on your bikes and peddle courageously forward to create your own unique and exciting future. Again, congratulations and best wishes to each and every one of you for a healthy, happy, and meaningful life!
Thank you!
詳見:
https://www.facebook.com/NTUCommencement/posts/2718162161807541
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#臺灣大學 #畢業典禮 #NTUCommencement2021 #貴賓致詞 #羅祥安
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【美國失業人數破2千萬為何股市上漲?再來怎麼看?】
(文長圖多,建議點連結閱讀)
答案是因為通膨預期與病毒實質危害不大,分別解釋如下:
一、 通膨預期
根據卡內基梅隆大學經濟學教授Allan Meltzer研究發現,1941年到1945年這段時間Fed採取的貨幣寬鬆政策,造成股市年複合成長率高達51.5%,但同時段CPI年複合增長率僅5%左右。這意味股價與實體經濟不但可以脫鉤,而且幅度也可以相當巨大,時間可以相當長。反之,從CPI去觀察通貨膨脹是無效且錯誤的,這一塊我會另以新文章解釋。
另一方面通貨膨脹不見得是一種「普遍性」現象均勻地發生在所有的貨物服務價格上,通常反而是存在「密度不同」現象-- 在不同資產類別上,各有不同的通膨效果,所謂Cantillon Effect是也。這個觀念我在好幾年前也談過,此不贅述。
貨幣理論大師Milton Friedman也分別從1920年代/1990年代的美國、與1980年代的日本,三個時期的研究證明貨幣總量的增加會顯著造成股市整體上漲。此外Friedman更進一步點出,當股市因泡沫破裂崩盤後,貨幣總量的增加或減少,會更進一步影響崩盤後的股價表現。
此次Covid-19疫情下,因政府選擇lockdown造成經濟全面停擺,美國Fed祭出前所未見的瘋狂印鈔救市(見圖一),其瘋狂程度大破歷史紀錄!
為何Fed如此瘋狂?請參見我之前寫過的三篇文章:
「利率倒掛與repo rate」
「為何此次崩盤黃金也跟著跌黃金不是避險工具嗎?」
「黃金與美國政府債券價格的現階段意義」
我在這三篇文章清楚解釋repo利率、十年國債利率乃至於美國地方政府債券利率等,都是3月份以來Fed必須強力壓抑以避免資產價格全面崩盤、美國州政府以下破產,人民也因利率飆漲房貸、車貸違約沖天被迫私人破產等恐怖惡性循環。尤以Fed針對持有美國國債的外國中央銀行快速設立FIMA Repo Facility用意最是明顯,足證Fed其實很害怕他國央行趁機在債券市場倒貨換現誘發美國國債利率飆升與流動性乾涸同時發生從而窒息美國經濟。
從經濟學理論看,Fed作為央行角色,除了快速擴大自身資產負債表以及破天荒新增注資管道之外,其實別無他法。真實世界我們也看到此次Fed諸多破天荒的措施,例如成立PMCCF & SMCCF、Main Street Lending Program、Municipal Liquidity Facility與直接購買ETF…等,金額也都是前無古人地幾千億、上兆美元狂灑。
這也表示Fed此次介入之廣、印鈔速度之快,與2008年金融危機時截然不同,自然也會在資產價格上產生不同效果。
總的來看,Fed透過上述債券或商業票券管道注資,過低的債券殖利率勢必壓擠市場原有資金尋找其他投資標的,因此可想而知對股市資產價格通膨預期會產生強大影響。
是的,根據I. Fisher的利息理論,股票資產價格應該是反映未來收入流折現之總和,W=I/r是也。但Fisher的利息理論並無貨幣因素考量。當通膨發生時,W的名義價格成長速度是可以抵過Income的悲觀預期改變。更何況,真實經濟並未因Covid-19重創,我放到第二點談。
順道一提,價值投資這個投資方法究其核心邏輯完全忽略了「貨幣因素」如此重要的侷限條件,而這是個大問題。也正因為如此,價值投資奉行者一旦碰上貨幣現象強烈變化時就容易手足無措、不知如何處置。這在2008年後的十年來最為明顯,就連巴菲特1965年以來的驚人長期績效也在近十年越趨平淡。(見表)
我認為與資金數額大過一定量後,轉受到『邊際生產力遞減』的影響也有關係,但正也因為巴菲特手頭資金夠大,他主要用來降低股票買入成本的手法(特別股議價機會與股票選擇權操作)方可實施。所以要精準分析出貨幣因素與巴菲特80%價值投資之間的相互影響關係,我認為不容易且工程浩大。如果讀者有興趣,有機會我再詳談巴菲特怎麼用比市價更低的方式買入股票。
從投資角度與更進階的經濟學角度看,Fed如此高強度介入債券乃至於他種證券(股票、商業票券)市場的貨幣政策,也會讓傳統以長短期債券利率差預估通貨膨脹率等總體經濟學常見手法通通失效,這意味著價格理論基礎薄弱、只會墨守成規的所謂財經專家們將跌破更多副眼鏡。這是說檯面上很多股民追捧的某些大師關於總體經濟之看法、言論、備忘錄…,都只是一些大師自己也不知道說什麼的扯淡。
二、 病毒危害小於政府封鎖危害,因此恆久收入預期影響不大
截至5/15,全球因Covid-19死亡人數約30萬人,然而1957年與1968年各有兩次殺死全球百萬人以上的流感,但從S&P500指數歷史來看,兩次更嚴重的流感卻未造成股價崩盤(見圖)。
根據WHO統計,2016年全球死於呼吸道感染(今年流行的Covid-19就會被歸類為此分類)就有295萬人(見表),每十萬人死亡數是39.63人(CDR, Crude Death Rate)。目前美國可算是世界疫情最嚴重的地區之一,然而相較於2016年來看,目前美國Covid-19的CDR數值是每十萬人死亡26.2人。事實上並非特別嚴重的傳染病,但卻造成遠比過去更嚴重疫情下還大的經濟損失?
如同我在4/12「Michael Burry與我所見略同」一文中談過:
「政府過度干預封鎖防疫的代價可能比什麼都不做還高!」,並以大蕭條、2008年金融風暴時期的自殺率為參考,認為:
「…自殺人數與病死人數邏輯上不應該只是相比,而是要相加。這是說,即便高度管制下最後COVID-19在美國僅造成等同流感的病死數(約5.5萬人),但若因高度管制造成的經濟衰退自殺人數等同2008年,則每十萬人死亡人數相加後仍達16.88人,恰好約莫等於我假設的狀況一死亡人數。這意味著高度管制下死亡人數有可能等於什麼都不做。…」
而許多研究逐漸指出,Covid-19實際感染人數恐怕遠高於目前所知,這反推回來,此病的CDR數值會比目前所知還低。
再看看德國,從疫情爆發以來德國政府採取民間工廠可自行決定是否繼續營運的政策,80%的私營工廠也如此選擇。
有意思的是,這些德國工廠如何做到儘量降低員工罹病風險的前提下維持日常生產活動?答案是:「向中國學習!」例如德國第一大汽車集團Volkswagen AG就向中國工廠學習引入「100條管理規則」,從工人防護服、員工餐廳安排到工作流水線安排、如何檢測排除可能罹病者與罹病員工安排…等等。這股向中國工廠學習風潮讓Winfried Imminger這家公司在Mulfingen的工廠3800多名員工迄今只有8人確診並隔離,也讓多數德國工廠可以維持疫情爆發前70~80%的生產力。
這個例證也使我相信,疫情平緩之後的世界並不會有翻天覆地的改變。是的,為了避免疫情再起,許多與過去不同的措施,尤其是個人防護配備、社交距離(social distance)或公共交通站點/工作/娛樂場所監控體溫等等會實施,但我相信因此而提高的整體社會費用並不會比911恐怖攻擊後全球反恐措施來得高。
因此我們即便看到現時經濟因政府干預而停止運作的收入損失似乎巨大,但也僅止於現時。當多數國家解禁(事實上連美國也不顧疫情開始解禁)後,未來收入流的負面影響是相當有限。
有人會問:可是眼下美國2千多萬人失業是鐵錚錚的事實啊?!
1.買出來的失業人數
我在前述「Michael Burry與我所見略同」一文也談過,2017~2018年的美國流感疫情導致81萬人住院、6.1萬人死亡,但同期失業率卻是一路下降,足證明單一傳染病本身並不會造成失業。美國現在破歷史紀錄的2千萬人失業是政府兩大舉措造成:
(1) lockdown
從制度經濟學角度看,當市場需求曲線快速向左下移動時,如果成交價格沒有彈性,則市場會以unemployment呈現:於物是滯銷、於資金是爛頭寸、於人則是失業。
這個觀念我十幾年來談過無數次,可自行參閱舊文如:「拯救失業率,我們需要的刪減失業補助!(2014)」
佐以美國工會、勞動保護法規、最低工資限制等等箝制契約自由的政府干預,面對這種政府強制暫停經濟活動的舉措,大量無薪假與失業是必然,根據價格理論原理,尤以邊際租值低的勞工為甚,這點我們也可以從美國勞動部對4月份失業統計看出,餐飲服務業失業率從去年同期4.5%暴增至39.3%;但相對邊際租值較高的金融服務業則從2.1%升至5.4%。(見表)
學歷越差者,失業率越高(見圖)
(2) 過於優渥的失業補助
早在上個月我就從美國營運餐廳的友人處聽得:「這麼多人失業,怎麼餐廳還找不到員工?」的矛盾現象。
後來一查發現某些州的雙重失業補助(州政府+聯邦政府)與因疫情的從寬認定下,一名週薪$600美元的勞工失業後可能領到超過$1200元的補助,而且起碼領到7月底沒問題。失業還領更多?根據經濟學定律申請失業補助者大增完全是情理之中。
後來更看到華爾街日報報導,某些小企業的員工主動跟雇主達成協議,透過「輪流失業」讓公司內的雇員「人人有失業補助領」。
與此同時我們也看到,美國為了保障中小企業繼續聘僱員工的「Paycheck Protect Program (PPP)」條件是該企業領取貸款後必須「繼續聘僱員工」方能獲得債務豁免。然而許多企業卻因lockdown無法營業,繼續聘僱不能來上班的勞工對企業毫無誘因,使得企業乾脆選擇結束營業而非申請補助。這一塊又加重失業人數之增加。這也造成美國國會雖然在4/27緊急增加$3700億美元補助金,但迄今卻出現40%閒置無人申請的矛盾現象。再一次證明「政府本身就是問題,政府無法解決問題」。
這是說,看似嚇破膽的歷史紀錄2千多萬人首次申請失業補助的背後,並非病毒導致而是美國政府干預創造出來的怪獸。因此不管Covid-19引起的疫情是否取得「曲線平緩(flatten the curve)」,只要干預拿掉,經濟都會逐步恢復原狀。
2.低廉的石油價格有助於實體經濟
疫情前全球每日石油需求約1億桶,其中約60%用於燃料用途。疫情後,全球燃油消費大減,例如某些航班數減少9成,路上行車數量也大減。這些同樣是因政府干預限制,並非因疫情本身。
先前西德州石油期貨價格在結算前下殺至負數,我認為屬於一堆不黯遊戲規則的抄底散戶因無力真實點交原油而被痛宰的意外事件。要知道,西德州石油期貨契約是包含delivery條款,一方可以真實要求點交原油:
「Delivery Procedure:
Delivery shall be made free-on-board ("F.O.B.") at any pipeline or storage facility in Cushing, Oklahoma with pipeline access to Enterprise, Cushing storage or Enbridge, Cushing storage. Delivery shall be made in accordance with all applicable Federal executive orders and all applicable Federal, State and local laws and regulations.
At buyer's option, delivery shall be made by any of the following methods: (1) by interfacility transfer ("pumpover") into a designated pipeline or storage facility with access to seller's incoming pipeline or storage facility; (2) by in-line (or in-system) transfer, or book-out of title to the buyer; or (3) if the seller agrees to such transfer and if the facility used by the seller allows for such transfer, without physical movement of product, by in-tank transfer of title to the buyer.」
石油現貨價格的確因中東局勢與lockdown大幅下跌,可不至於到暗無天日,如台灣商周聲稱「石油紀元結束」那般悲觀。
事實上我們看到有能力儲存石油的業者租下大量油輪滿載原油漂浮在海上(見圖);又有人大量租賃游泳池簡易改裝後注滿石油(見圖);也有人使用大型填充包儲存石油(見圖)。這些行為均代表某種對未來收入樂觀的預期,才會於此時真金白銀下賭注。
另一個重點,是延續前一點的經濟邏輯 -- 如果市場價格有下修彈性,則unemployment就不容易出現,市場就能清市。延伸來說,任何生產要素如果能在景氣下行時價格能下修,則代表該社會整體制度的交易費用低於價格較無彈性的制度。此點會在景氣落底回升時在生產力與創造財富效率上呈現高低差異。
當然,從更根本角度看,市場只要能自願地employment,無論價格多低,都勝過非自願unemployment。前者對保護未來收入預期與財富損失上都更有利。這兩點會影響股票債券價格,投資者必須注意。
三、近期應注意:
a. 卡債、房貸的違約率
雖然我們知道美國卡債違約率2016年以來就逐步攀升至2019年Q4的2.61%,尚遠低於2009年近7%。房貸違約率2019年末也是樂觀的數字,但Fed公開的統計資料始終是落後指標。
因此我們需要參考更即時的數據,可債券市場因此次Fed霹靂手段干預之下,我認為無論國債、地方債乃至於高債信公司債的利率都存在一定程度的扭曲。這又回到經濟學理論的老生常談:政府干預市場利率的下場必然增加市場活動參與者對未來收入流預估的訊息費用。
投資人無可避免要學會與之共處,同時透過加強自身經濟邏輯與知識廣度來降低費用。
我自己會轉向參考其他數據或真實經濟現象,比方我們可以在排除貨幣流速影響下,從特定經濟活動的速率變化推估真實利率邊際變化,這是高階的利息理論應用,要深談得寫本書,此處點到為止。我只是要點出這種難度較高的經濟邏輯,坊間多數財經專家連邊都碰不上,甚至連感知這類概念存在的能力都不具備,因此多數人的財經建議也就毫無參考性可言。
退而求其次,又或者可以參考repo利率與低信評公司債殖利率。
b.Collateralized Loan Obligation (見圖)
談到低信評公司債就多說兩句CLO(Collateralized Loan Obligation)。與債信較低的槓桿債(leverage loan)包裹連結的CLO在美國總市場規模從2007年的$3270億增長至2019年底的$6910億美元,CLO如果發生崩盤,那將會是2008年金融危機CDO的翻版,而當年CDO全球市場規模在$4千多億美元。CLO背後連結的槓桿債規模也達$1.2兆美元。
槓桿債很常發生在槓桿併購(LBO, leveraged buyout),簡單說就是某A想買下B公司,但又不想出錢或資金不足。於是以B公司的未來收益或資產為擔保,向銀行C借錢併購B。對,你沒看錯,是以「B公司的未來收益或資產」為擔保,不是A自己。這種併購方式通常會帶來高負債比甚至伴隨高利率,實務上發動併購方可以只出一成的資金,就買下十倍大的對手,所以才叫「槓桿(leverage)」。
這種併購方式在順風順水的年代可以快速擴充,但一旦出現市場整體流動性枯竭與景氣反轉,也死得特別快。讀者還記得我「利率倒掛與repo rate」一文提到去年九月的詭異repo rate飆升,就滿足了「流動性枯竭」這第一要件,子彈已然上膛。Covid-19引發的政府強制經濟活動停滯則很有可能是扣下扳機的那隻手。
然而,若僅僅是單純的LBO,破產者就侷限在A與相關金融往來對象,還算是「個體風險」。但如同2008金融風暴那錯綜複雜的CDO金融產品一樣,CLO把LO重新包裹證券化後,又把個體風險搞成系統風險。
可能不熟悉金融的讀者會疑惑:這些有錢人高來高去的資產價格崩盤於我何干?
以Envision Healthcare這家美國大型醫療機構為例,2018年KKR透過槓桿債的方式全盤買下Envision醫院體系,但Covid-19後美國流動性枯竭,造成短期利率與垃圾債券利率飆升,瞬間讓Envision現金短缺甚有破產危機,結果就是在面對Covid-19疫情加速惡化的四月,Envision旗下醫院急診室不但沒有防護裝備給第一線醫護人員,也因付不出薪資、獎金而大幅刪減急診室人力。與Envision槓桿債掛勾的CLO也是前途無亮等著被降信用評等。然而,信用評等降級對這些本就採取高槓桿債務併購的公司等於是雨天收傘,進一步惡化其財務與現金短缺狀況,對美國第一線疫情防護恐怕雪上加霜。
再把視角轉到日本,農林中央金庫(Norinchukin Bank)是日本最大吸收農漁民存款的金融機構,同時也是世界最大CLO買方,2008年後累積購入金額達$750億美元。一旦CLO市場如2008年的CDO市場一樣轉瞬崩潰,則日本普遍高齡的農漁民生計與財富損失,以及對日本經濟的連鎖效應可想而知。目前尚可安心的是,農林中央金庫只購入安全等級最高的CLO。
可另一方面,也正因為Covid-19帶來的經濟停滯,許多優良債務人紛紛出現無力支付本金利息的現象,從而引發評價機構紛紛下調CLO內含債權的評等,例如Moody在4月中調降高達$220億美元CLO的評等,加上S&P,二家機構合起來降評了20%美國境內發行CLO。這直接影響了持有美國境內40% BBB等級CLO tranches的各大保險公司,這可能意味保險公司資產價格重挫下履行保險契約支付賠償金的能力也可能縮水。
若美國許多受感染者或其他疾病患者發現即便自己購買了昂貴的醫療保險,但保險公司支付卻可能無力支付醫療費用時,接下來會發生什麼事?
這一整段有關CLO的敘述只是美國盤根錯節的金融契約結構中的一個切面,但我相信已經能讓讀者感受到「牽一髮而動全身」的可怕。
從這點我們也不難理解,為何身為美國最大「再保險」集團之一的主事人巴菲特在此時選擇提高並保持現金水位,特別是大量賣出08年以優惠價格條件買入的Goldman Sachs超過1千萬股($17億美元)。
結論:
我認為美國股市未來相當長時間就會在「通膨預期」與「未來收入預期」兩股力量拉扯推擠走下去。二者可以是同方向或反方向。因為「市場預期」這看不見摸不著的東西很難建立具有科學預測力的經濟理論。
我不認為真實世界的生產力受到病毒摧殘,而是受到政府干預干擾。可是一旦悲觀預期形成,資產價格下修的可能性會存在。而美國複雜交錯的金融制度可能把個體風險放大為系統性風險,這在2008年發生過一次,如今不是不可能再從CLO引爆歷史重演。
誠如我前兩日談過如何從價格理論快速看國富增長,美國主要靠服務業(特別是金融服務)這種架空經濟要持續運作的前提是基於深度全球化分工。根據Adam Smith的國富論,全球市場分工越多元、越細緻、越深入,世界整體財富增長速度越快,當然走虛擬金融經濟為主的美國也會因上頭租值佔比高而享受更高的財富增速。
反之,美國如果自己跑出來反全球化,那死得最慘的是自己。
又,當今的貨幣政策會大幅增加訊息費用,判斷真實利率的難度大增,考驗投資者對價格理論、利息理論的熟稔與精通程度。
一般投資人對於真實世界關鍵侷限條件與轉變的掌握程度會直接影響可選擇投資方法。指數型ETF這種放棄思考的被動投資或許還是適合多數人。
通貨膨脹下如何投資?另作文章說明。
本文參考資料:
WSJ: "The Federal Reserve Is Changing What It Means to Be a Central Bank" (2020-04-27)
Milton Friedman, "A Natural Experiment in Money Policy Covering Three Episodes of Growth and Decline in the Economy and the Stock Market" Journal of Economic Perspective, Vol. 19, (Fall 2005)
Allan H. Meltzer, "Current Lessons From The Past: How The Fed Repeats Its History." Cato Journal, Vol 34, No. 3 (Fall 2014)
Financial Times: "Coronavirus crisis: does value investing still make sense?"(2020-05-11)
WSJ: "New Data Suggest the Coronavirus Isn’t as Deadly as We Thought" (2020-04-17)
WSJ: "Why Doesn’t Flu Tank Economy Like Covid-19?"(2020-04-10)
WSJ: "Demand for Small-Business Loans Cools" (2020-05-08)
WSJ: "How Germany Kept Its Factories Open During the Pandemic" (2020-05-06)
WSJ: "Paying Americans Not to Work" (2020-04-22)
WSJ: "Businesses Struggle to Lure Workers Away From Unemployment" (2020-05-08)
WSJ: "Demand for Small-Business Loans Cools"(2020-05-08)
A. A. Alchian,"Information Costs, Pricing, and Resource Unemployment" (1969)
WSJ: "Millions of Credit-Card Customers Can’t Pay Their Bills. Lenders Are Bracing for Impact." (2020-04-25)
Financial Times: "CLOs: ground zero for the next stage of financial crisis?" (2020-05-13)
Financial Times: "Private-equity backed companies dominate lowest depths of junk" (2020-05-07)
Financial Times: "Coronavirus sell-off puts faith in CLOs to the test" (2020-04-23)
Financial Times: "Warren Buffett’s Berkshire dumps most of Goldman Sachs stake" (2020-05-16)
文章連結:
https://bit.ly/3bDEM3E
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