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Ep.28單字補給⛽(PART3)
mandatory (adj.) 規定的，必須履行
✏Example sentence:
Once warmer weather strikes, it's practically mandatory to clock in as much time outdoors as possible.
一旦天氣轉暖，實際上必須盡可能多花時間在戶外
🔗例句出處: InStyle
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＃歡迎收聽_學校沒教的英語聽力
Ep.28 真的該每天洗頭洗澡嗎？ ＃美國醫生的建議讓人意外
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#學校沒教的英語聽力
#讓你笑著笑著就學會的英文節目
#聽力是語言學習的根本
#每週日更新_期待你的英文語言大爆炸
#英文 #英聽
#聽力
#美國醫生
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Đề Cambridge IELTS 14 Test 2 - passage 2:
BACK TO THE FUTURE OF SKYSCRAPER DESIGN
Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries
A. The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'
B. Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.
Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.
C. Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.
D. Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens• in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.
E. 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour-that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.
Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'
Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.
F. Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.
While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.
G. Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens. 'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'
H. Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.
Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.
I. He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.
“My book is a recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we are now, and how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this. The Department of Health says new hospitals should be naturally ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.”
TỪ VỰNG CHÚ Ý:
Excessive (adj)/ɪkˈsesɪv/: quá mức
Skyscraper (n)/ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/: nhà trọc trời
Ingenious (adj)/ɪnˈdʒiːniəs/: khéo léo
Culmination (n) /ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃn/: điểm cao nhất
Crisis (n)/ˈkraɪsɪs/: khủng hoảng
Gadget (n)/ˈɡædʒɪt/: công cụ
Squander (v)/ˈskwɒndə(r)/: lãng phí
Reliance (n)/rɪˈlaɪəns/: sự tín nhiệm
Vast (adj)/vɑːst/: rộng lớn
Accommodate (v)/əˈkɒmədeɪt/: cung cấp
Ventilation (n)/ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/: sự thông gió
Habitable (adj)/ˈhæbɪtəbl/: có thể ở được
Spectacular (adj)/spekˈtækjələ(r)/: ngoạn mục, đẹp mắt
Account for /əˈkaʊnt//fə(r)/ : chiếm
Substantial (adj)/səbˈstænʃl/: đáng kể
Frightening (adj)/ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/: kinh khủng
Sophisticated (adj)/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/: phức tạp
Pathogen (n)/ˈpæθədʒən/: mầm bệnh
Tuberculosis (n)/tjuːˌbɜːkjuˈləʊsɪs/: bệnh lao
Communal (adj)/kəˈmjuːnl/: công cộng
Dementia (n)/dɪˈmenʃə/: chứng mất trí
Fraction (n)/ˈfrækʃn/: phần nhỏ
Lament (v)/ləˈment/: xót xa
Panicked (adj): hoảng loạn
Lethal (adj)/ˈliːθl/: gây chết người
Threat (n)/θret/: mối nguy
Miasmas (n)/miˈæzmə/: khí độc
Infection (n) /ɪnˈfekt/: sự nhiễm trùng
Cholera (n)/ˈkɒl.ər.ə/: dịch tả
Outbreak (n)/ˈaʊt.breɪk/: sự bùng nổ
Disprove (v)/dɪˈspruːv/: bác bỏ
Advocate (v)/ˈæd.və.keɪt/: ủng hộ
Auditoria (n)/ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriə/ : thính phòng
Comparable (adj)/ˈkɒm.pər.ə.bəl/: có thể so sánh được
Contend (v) /kənˈtend/: cho rằng
Liability (n)/ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/: nghĩa vụ pháp lý
Convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/: Thuyết phục
Assist (v) /əˈsɪst/: để giúp đỡ
Các bạn cùng tham khảo nhé!
[時事英文] 美國總統大選陷入膠著
It ain’t over till every vote is counted.
大家應該都睡不著吧...
★★★★★★★★★★★★
President Donald Trump claimed victory over Democratic rival Joe Biden on Wednesday with millions of votes still uncounted in a White House race that will not be decided until tallying is completed over the coming hours or days.
1. claim victory 聲稱勝利
2. rival 競爭者；對手；敵手
3. uncounted (adj.) 未計算過的
4. tally (v.) 計算；清點
週三，川普總統聲稱擊敗民主黨對手拜登，但這場白宮爭奪戰仍有數百萬張選票尚未計算，在計票結束前，於接下來的數個小時乃至數日，一切尚在未定之天。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
By early Wednesday, the race was down to a handful of states, and both Trump, 74 and Biden, 77, had possible paths to reach the needed 270 Electoral College votes to win the White House.
5. be down to 由⋯⋯決定
6. Electoral College votes 選舉人團票
週三稍早，競選已由少數幾個州來決定，而７４歲的川普以及７７歲的拜登都有可能取得２７０張選舉人團票來贏得白宮。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Shortly after Biden said he was confident of winning the contest once the votes are counted, Trump appeared at the White House to declare victory and said his lawyers would be taking his case to the U.S. Supreme Court, without specifying what they would claim.
7. be confident of… 對⋯⋯有信心
8. declare victory 宣布獲勝
9. take his case to 將他的案子提交到⋯⋯
10. the Supreme Court of the United States 美國最高法院
11. specify 具體指定；明確說明
拜登表示計票之初便有信心贏得競選。不久，川普在白宮宣布勝選，並表示他的律師將把他的案子提交到美國最高法院，但未明確指出他們的主張。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
“We were getting ready to win this election. Frankly, we did win this election,” Trump said. “This is a major fraud on our nation. We want the law to be used in a proper manner. So we’ll be going to the U.S. Supreme Court. We want all voting to stop.” He provided no evidence to back up his claim of fraud.
12. frankly 直率地；坦白地
13. a major fraud 重大的詐欺
14. in a proper manner 以適當的方式
15. back up 支持
「我們正準備迎接此次大選的勝利。坦白說，我們確實贏得了這場選舉。」川普道。「這是對我們國家的重大詐欺。我們希望以適當的方式使用法律。因此，我們將前往美國最高法院。我們希望所有的投票都能停止。」他並未提供任何證據，來支持他對詐欺的指控。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Polls have closed and voting has stopped across the country, but election laws in U.S. states require all votes to be counted, and many states routinely take days to finish counting ballots. More votes stood to be counted this year than in the past as people voted early by mail and in person because of the coronavirus pandemic.
16. the polls 投票處
17. count ballots 統計選票
18. in person 親自
19. the coronavirus pandemic 新冠病毒大流行疫情
投票處已關閉，全國各地的投票也已停止，但全美各州的選舉法要求，所有選票皆需進行統計，有許多州通常需要數日才能完成選票的計算。由於疫情的關係，今年有更多的選票需要統計，因選民比以往還早郵寄選票，並親自投票。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Global stocks gyrated in early trade as results streamed in, with a final call now seen unlikely for days and the outcome raising the potential for gridlock that complicates the chance of a quick U.S. government spending boost to counter the effects of the pandemic.
20. gyrate（通常指很快地）旋轉；迴旋；轉動
21. stream in 流入
22. a final call 最後的決定
23. raise the potential for 提高⋯⋯的可能性
24. gridlock 僵局
25. complicate the chance 使機率複雜化
26. counter the effects of 抵消⋯⋯
隨著選舉結果的湧入，全球股市在早盤交易中迴旋，目前看來最終結果似乎不太可能於接下來的幾天內出爐，惟恐陷入僵局，這將使美國政府迅速增加支出以應對疫情的機率複雜化。
資料來源: https://reut.rs/3oWNEcI
最新開票動態: https://politi.co/34U5ipm
★★★★★★★★★★★★
時事英文講義：https://bit.ly/2XmRYXc
時事英文音檔: https://bit.ly/3emRtTt
★★★★★★★★★★★★
希望美國大選可以快速和平落幕!
as adj as possible 在 English 4U 空中美語的相片 的必吃
as…as possible as…as possible 表示「盡可能地…」，常用來修飾形容詞及副詞，或是強調名詞的數量。此句型亦可以as…as sb can表達。 • Because of the heavy rain, ... ... <看更多>